This article provides a list of the most popular, common server operating systems which are widely used in Russia.

To begin with, we will find out why we need a server operating system.

What is a server operating system?

Server operating system- designed to manage software, which in turn serves all network users, both internal and external. Why can't you use a regular, custom OS as a server one? You ask, yes, because the server OS provides specialized management functionality, so to speak, more convenient, efficient, designed specifically for specific administration and management purposes, and such functionality simply does not exist in user operating systems, which, by the way, act as clients of these server operating systems. And, of course, we can conclude that if we have specialized functionality, respectively, and the cost of this functionality will be completely different, there are, of course, exceptions.

Now let's figure out how to choose a server operating system. First of all, you need to clearly define for what purposes this server and, accordingly, its operating system will be used. And already, based on a specific task, you will choose the operating system and the necessary hardware configuration for this operating system. But, if you are not familiar with the operating system, which in all respects will be the best option, then select the OS in which you have already worked or carefully study and test ( for example, on virtual machine ) OS unfamiliar to you. Since knowledge, skill and understanding of the administration of the operating system largely affects not only the initial installation and configuration, but also its further maintenance and management.

Well, now let's go directly to the consideration of server operating systems, which are by far the most popular and widespread.

Let's start, of course, with Microsoft products. Today I will highlight two versions of operating systems: Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 R2.

Note! This material is outdated and currently Windows Server 2003 is no longer supported, and Windows Server 2008 R2 is already far behind modern versions in functionality, so I recommend using newer versions, for example, Windows Server 2016.

Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003- already a rather old operating system, but, one way or another, it is widely popular among system administrators in Russia.

This product can be used for almost all purposes that administrators have, but do not forget about the quality, since all desktop options ( those. have a graphical) require much more resources than non-front-end operating systems. Therefore, if you are going to use an OS with a graphical shell, you must take this into account when choosing hardware for the server. Windows Server 2003 is great for novice system administrators. This platform is great for domain controllers if you use the Active Directory directory service, and also if you plan to use remote connection users, then on this OS you can easily implement " Terminal Server».

Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Server 2008 R2- more advanced, in terms of new technologies, the operating system of Microsoft.

Windows Server 2008 R2 is already the leader in many performance tests for server operating systems. For example, it is best to raise a file server on this OS. In addition, in this operating system: improved support for virtualization, a new version of the Active Directory directory service, support for up to 256 processors, unlike Windows Server 2003, it is also better implemented here " Terminal Server". The advantage of this platform is that it is suitable for the high-quality performance of almost all tasks, and the disadvantage is that it requires more resources, unlike its relatives.

Now let's move on to unix-like operating systems, and let's start, in my opinion, with the leader in popularity ( among unix-like).

Ubuntu Server

Ubuntu Server- operating system that uses Linux kernel.

Ubuntu Server will cost you significantly less than those listed above. Many novice system administrators experience fear and horror when it comes to non-interface unix-like operating systems, explaining this by the fact that "It's complicated and incomprehensible". I dare to assure you that setting up these operating systems is much easier than the same Windows Server 2008 R2, where there are an infinite number of all sorts of options and settings. And in unix systems, all configuration comes down to editing configuration files. Also, as noted above, these systems require significantly less resources than analogues with a graphical interface.

Ubuntu Server is easy to install and maintain, provides high reliability and performance, and has high level security and is great for almost all tasks.

CentOS

CentOS is a Linux distribution based on Red Hat's Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

The operating system is also very friendly and many system administrators prefer this particular operating system. All CentOS software is highly stable as everything is carefully checked and tested. CentOS is widely used as a platform for Web servers. You can read more about this operating system in the material - Installing Linux CentOS 7.1 and an overview of the distribution.

Debian

Debian is one of the most popular Linux distributions. By the way, Ubuntu is based on Debian.

Many organizations ( both small and large) gave their preference to Debian. I'll highlight the Debian 8.0 release here, as it's already been tested and shows good results. One of the features of Debian is that it has a huge amount of software in its repositories. Some people think that Debian is hard to administer compared to other systems, but I think if you've dealt with unix-like systems, getting to grips with Debian won't be that hard. Other features of Debian include:

Unique package management system, i.e. system ( or its individual components) can be updated without reinstalling and even without losing user settings, and in some cases even without rebooting;
Debian development is done by people all over the Internet, something that no other Linux distribution can boast of, where development is done by separate groups or organizations.

Gentoo

Gentoo- a Linux distribution, popular because it is as flexible as possible in customization and correct setting You will get a performance benefit as a result.

It is also known for the fact that only professionals in their field use this distribution kit, since that very setting requires certain knowledge. Gentoo has a number of advantages such as: fast speed, great user community.

FreeBSD

FreeBSD- Unix-like operating system, very popular among Internet companies, as this operating system is great for all sorts of web servers.

FreeBSD is a great choice for a web server because it is a powerful TCP/IP stack with support for industry standards such as SLIP, PPP, NFS, DHCP, and NIS. And so FreeBSD can easily interoperate with other systems, as well as serve as a large enterprise server, providing vital features such as NFS ( remote access to files) and e-mail services, or represent your organization on the Internet, providing services such as WWW, FTP, routing and firewall functions.

FreeBSD runs some of the largest and busiest sites on the Internet ( e.g. Yahoo!) and a large proportion of all other sites also run on FreeBSD.

But FreeBSD can be used not only as a platform for an Internet server, but also as a regular server that performs all the tasks that other server operating systems perform, and there is no need to limit FreeBSD's capabilities. FreeBSD is highly secure and performant. In addition, this operating system will cost you free of charge and, among other things, FreeBSD is developed and maintained by a large development team.

Solaris

Solaris- an operating system developed by Sun Microsystems, which is now owned by Oracle Corporation, and from this it became paid.

This operating system is one of the most productive operating systems in the world, and therefore enjoys a certain popularity.

These are the server operating systems that are widely used by many enterprises, and your choice of OS is up to you!

We are often approached by clients with a question about choosing an OS for the server. That's why we decided to tell you about each popular OS separately to make your choice easier.

To begin with, it is worth noting that it is probably better to choose the OS with which you have already worked and are well versed in its settings. But still there are exceptions, sometimes you have to choose something new to improve your work and choose an OS that will meet the necessary requirements. So, let's begin…

FreeBSD- one of the oldest operating systems with a rich history. But every year the number of users of this system is declining, although it is considered one of the most reliable and secure operating systems. There are several reasons why this OS has fallen in popularity, the main one being a single development team and very little commercial software for FreeBSD. If you have a problem with FreeBSD, it is very likely that it will remain unresolved.

At the moment, FreeBSD version 10 has been released, which successfully works on a variety of processor architectures and, in the hands of a wizard, makes it possible to fine-tune the kernel. The advantages of FreeBSD should be added to the excellent implementation of working with memory, networking and the I / O system. Interested in the main differences between Linux and BSD? Details in the article.

Windows Server(on the example of Windows Server 2008 R2) - the system is practical and has a large margin of performance. The best solution for a file server or terminal, has a backup tool, which greatly improves reliability.

The main disadvantage is the exactingness to the hardware. Windows Server 2008 R2 no longer supports the 32-bit architecture, and in general it requires significantly more resources to operate than its counterparts. An important feature OS requires license purchase. It should not be forgotten that a huge number of existing virus programs are oriented specifically to Windows.

In most cases, this product is used for "home" site testing, remote desktop connection, or when using IIS and ASP.

HyperHost offers VDS, including free license for 180 days (trial period). For example, you can order a VDS server with Windows 2008, 2012, 2016 OS. For more details about these versions and their main differences, see the article ““. We also offer a detailed installation of the operating system from your iso image in VMmanager using Windows 10 as an example.

CentOS- a free analogue of Red Hat, which is quite popular. The number of users of this OS is huge, which allows you to quickly solve all the problems and bugs that have arisen. The advantage is that there are many forums where you can get help with questions about CentOS. The significant pluses of Centos include a very convenient and nimble package manager yum, and the disadvantage is the presence of not the latest versions of related software in the standard repositories (repositories) of packages for Centos.

This OS supports almost all hosting control panels. About the pros and cons of this operating system in the article ““. If you work with this system, then our instructions for And .

Debianis a Linux distribution that has many fans and is actively developing. This OS is universal and is used on servers and ordinary working machines. Debian- perfect solution for a server that must work stably and uninterruptedly. Excessive conservatism of the OS is the main drawback, since developers rarely please with new releases.

About features and functionality Debian 9 in the article.

Users of the new Debian 7 "Wheezy" (desktop environments) get KDE 4.8.4 and GNOME 3.4 at their disposal. The new release contains a more modern LibreOffice 3.5.4. The standard assembly contains MP3, MPEG-4, AAC codecs, etc. The clean and licensed open source OS is gaining new Debian fans. All advantages of Debian are described in more detail.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux- one of the most popular and sought-after operating systems. Basically, the system is designed for corporate use, and is particularly reliable and secure. Proof of this is that this OS will be used to deploy important applications in global exchanges, financial institutions, leading telecommunications companies, animation studios, and so on. The main disadvantage is that the OS is paid. main feature- there is commercial support for the distribution. The frequency of release of new versions is 3 years.

ubuntu- widely used by many users, since the OS lightweight and easy to set up. There is an opinion that even a schoolboy can handle installing Ubuntu. If your budget is limited, no heavy loads on the server are foreseen and you don't have time to read the documentation in search of information, then feel free to choose this OS. Ubuntu - OS description: current versions, pros, cons. More details in the next one.

Ubuntu is often chosen by those who need new and fresh versions of the kernel and applications, but it is worth noting that the newest does not always work without problems and better. However, the distribution is very similar to Debian, due to the fact that initially and still it is based on and uses a lot of Debian OS code and utilities. ?

What should you choose? Many developers advise to opt for Ubuntu after all. After all, it has the most manuals, forums, blogs, etc. A significant advantage: it is most often used on desktops. All this simplifies the work with the server: it is easier to find the material if necessary and set everything up yourself. Basically, Debian is very similar to Ubuntu. CentOS is considered a more outdated option, but is also in good demand. But in terms of performance, they are all on the same level: this is the Linux family.

Choosing between Windows and Linux? More about all the differences between these OSes.

There is no universal and best OS. It's all about practice if you have already worked with a certain OS, then continue to work further with it. However, technical support Hyper Host™ can work with any operating systems and distributions. You can be calm and confident that we will always help you if necessary and set up the OS for free. When ordering from HyperHost, free administration is included as a gift, so you don't have to worry about the smooth operation of your virtual dedicated server.

For easy work with servers, special control panels are used, for more information about the types and advantages of each panel, see.

In addition to the above operating systems, there are still a large number of their types. For example, Linux-based distributions have been developed that are also popular, but less in demand. Learn more about these distributions.

Hyper Host™ wishes you a pleasant work!

We are often approached by clients with questions about which operating system should be chosen for the server. This article will discuss different options for operating systems, their weaknesses and main advantages. This review will help you get answers to your questions.

Has the oldest history. With this operating system, you can do anything. It is complex, and therefore the number of users of this system is decreasing every year. This is not surprising modern technologies simplify the process of programming and preparing sites. The main problem with such operating systems is that if a problem occurs, it may remain unresolved just because it will be difficult for you to find a tuning specialist who can solve tasks for little money. The main advantage is right approach The operating system is the most secure and you can make anything from it.

This is the easiest server for most programmers to understand. It practically does not differ from the usual home computer. The only thing is that it has several additional options for organizing the work of the site. It has a major weak point - like any Windows computer, it can easily be infected with viruses. But there are pluses - it can be used for home testing of the site. It is also suitable for generating files in programs that are designed specifically for Windows, such as Word or Excel.

Another free operating system that is similar to Red Hat. The operating system is often used, and the number of users is growing. The advantage of using this system is good information support. To work on this system, you can find a large number of specialists. Separately, it should be noted that there are good content management packages here. Minus - the system is constantly updated, and it is difficult to find a working new version without bugs.

This is a Linux distribution that enthusiasts of Linux servers willingly use. The system is universal and can work on simple machines without special technical indicators. It is stable and works for a long time without reboots. The main disadvantage is its stability, the system is rarely updated, which is not always relevant for new projects.

It is one of the most popular systems on Linux, it is also rarely updated - only once every 3 years. Used to ensure the reliability and protection of content. The system is often used to organize exchanges and trading services, so it can really be counted among the most reliable.

Let's finish the review with the Ubuntu operating system. They say that it is so simple that even first-year students can cope with it. It does not require studying, and there is a lot of information on setting up, which makes it the absolute leader in the operating system market. If you are in doubt which OS to choose, then it is best to contact specialists such as HostiServer. Their technical support will be able to prompt and configure you without any problems so that everything flies. Checked on myself. Good luck!

The choice of a network operating system is a strategic decision made by an organization based on the specific requirements of the platform on which it intends to build business solutions. An important place among these requirements remains the support of network services and general access to files and printers.

The purpose of a server operating system is to manage applications serving all users corporate network and often external users. Such applications include modern systems database management tools, network management tools and analysis of events in the network, directory services, messaging and group work tools, Web servers, mail servers, corporate firewalls, application servers for various purposes, server parts of business applications. The performance and reliability requirements of these operating systems are very high; often this includes support for clusters (a set of a number of computers of the same type that perform the same task and share the load), and the possibility of duplication and redundancy, and reconfiguration of software and hardware without rebooting the operating system.

The choice of a server operating system and a hardware platform for it is primarily determined by what applications it should run on (at a minimum, the selected applications must exist in a version for this platform) and what requirements are placed on its performance, reliability and availability.

In our project, we will compare 2 types of server OS: Windows Server and Linux.

It is rather difficult to analyze all the forums, letters, interactive messages that were devoted to a single topic: which is better - Windows or Linux. Both operating systems have a whole army of supporters who fiercely defend their beliefs, give irrefutable arguments and do everything. To prove the advantages of their "favorites". Often such disputes are overly emotional and rather superficial.

Of course, everyone knows Windows today, and the recognition of this brand is very high all over the world. For many years, Windows has been the leader in the operating system market, with a share of up to 90%. The palm belongs to Windows in the field of home operating systems - the popularity of Windows 10 is undeniable. Convenient and intuitive user interface, stability, minimum settings, and other features have won the hearts of millions of users around the world.

The situation is slightly different with the Windows Server network operating system. Historically, Windows Server (2012 R2) has won market share in a hard fight against UNIX. And other operating systems, since it was UNIX that was the main operating system in the world in the 80s of the 20th century. With the release of Windows NT 3.1, Microsoft's network operating system began to attract more supporters (as the x86 architecture evolved). As a result, it has become the main architecture for processors used in home and office computers. In parallel with the development of the Microsoft network operating system, the UNIX world was also undergoing major changes that led to the emergence of new system- Linux.

Linux should be understood as the general name of the architecture based on a single software kernel. This kernel is the basis on which various versions of the Linux operating system are created, developed by many developers. Such packages include, in particular, Red Hat, SuSE, Mandriva (formerly Mandrake), etc.

operating room Linux system based on the UNIX architecture, but evolving in its own way. Its main difference from UNIX is that Linux is a free operating system. In addition, Linux is characterized by excellent indicators of stability, security and performance. The main scopes of Linux corporate servers, Web-servers, e-mail gateways.

However, these functions can also be performed by the system on Windows base server. To decide on the choice of operating system, let's compare some of their features.

User GUI

The convenience of working with the operating system depends entirely on its user graphical interface. Many years ago, there was no such thing as a graphical interface, and most of the work was done in symbolic mode. It is thanks to the provision of an easy-to-read graphical interface that the Windows operating system has become so popular among home and office users. The very concept of "convenience" in the context of a graphical interface can be interpreted in different ways. Of course, a well-designed interface should be visual, not overloaded with visual elements, and at the same time provide effective means for sorting and presenting screen elements. However, a simple habit also makes the interface convenient. If a person long time worked with one type of interface, it can be quite difficult for him to switch to another. It is this fact that largely explains the popularity of Windows - if someone is used to the Windows graphical interface, then the Linux interface will seem "unusual", "complicated" and "incomprehensible". Although this is not entirely true, Linux has a fairly user-friendly interface, it is enough to practice.

Security

The issue of security is critical for any server. Server hardware is better to take with a built-in firewall. The server of any company usually stores important data, the confidentiality of which must be guaranteed. Over the past few years, cases of illegal entry into computer networks companies and organizations in order to acquire information or to disable the entire network. It is for this reason that a modern operating system must provide the highest possible level of protection against “hacking” and computer viruses.

The possibility of “hacking” and defeat by computer viruses became possible mainly due to flaws in the security system of the operating system. For example, exploiting a bug such as a buffer overflow allows remote control of the user's entire system. There are thousands of such errors, and every day there are more and more new ones.

But the leader in their number is currently Windows. All you have to do is go to any website that deals with computer security, and see how many errors were found for, for example, such a popular Windows programs, how Internet Explorer. The result is hardly reassuring. Windows security can be considered relatively low; tens of thousands of computer viruses are designed to harm Windows 10 and Windows Server R2 2012, and the situation is getting worse every year.

The positioning of Linux as "the most secure operating system" is generally true. While there are daily reports of new security flaws in Windows, much less is known about computer viruses for Linux. Does this mean that Linux is a more secure system than Windows? It is impossible to give an unambiguous answer to this question. In any case, there is no "total" advantage of Linux over Windows in the field of security. In many respects, the insignificant number of computer viruses for Linux is explained by the fact that the popularity of this system among home users is extremely low.

In any case, Windows cannot be considered completely "defenseless". The security system of this operating system is constantly being improved, and using antivirus programs and firewalls (mandatory also for Linux), Windows security can be considered sufficient.

Work stability

The stability of work is another argument that is given in favor of Linux. Many Windows users are aware of such a phenomenon as " blue screen of death". This fatal error, caused by a critical incompatibility of certain software components happens quite often, and it can take a long time to resolve it. Not so rare are "hangs" of Windows-based systems when the only way out of the situation is to restart the computer.

The stability of Linux has become almost a legend. When normal Windows user can restart the computer several times a day, Linux users often work for months without a single reboot. Many Linux-based servers can run for a year or more without a reboot. At the same time, errors in the operation of programs, of course, also happen in Linux, but their consequences are often less significant than in Windows.

There are a number of advantages of Linux listed above, but the conclusion that Linux is the most stable operating system is also ambiguous.

Many Windows-based servers run the same way for many months without a single reboot, and many home users reinstall Windows no more than once a year and a half. It all depends on the conditions of use of the operating system and methods of working with it.

Opportunities

The possibilities for both Windows and Linux are almost limitless. Both operating systems allow you to fully customize the server to perform one or more functions. As a result of the development of server operating Windows systems and Linux have gradually developed typical areas of their application, and in some of them there is windows advantage over Linux and vice versa.

Today, Linux is one of the most popular operating systems to use as a Web server. More than half of all Internet sites run on servers running Linux and the Apache Web server. DNS servers, print servers, file servers, an email server, an FTP server, and more are tasks that can be done efficiently with Linux.

The Windows operating system also has its advantages. Perhaps the greatest advantage of a Windows server and a Windows-based LAN is the Active Directory directory service. This service was first introduced in Windows 2000 Server and expanded in Windows Server R2 2012 and Windows Server 2008. The service provides centralized network management and allows you to efficiently add, remove, and move resources such as user accounts, printers, servers, databases, computers , security policies and more. Much of the popularity of Windows is due to Active Directory.

This is the only aspect in which there is an unconditional advantage of Linux. Various versions of Linux are developed under the GPL license and are available to download and use for free, without any licensing or other costs. Likewise, tens of thousands of Linux programs are free, and you can find applications for any task. A number of paid programs designed for Windows have free counterparts in the Linux world. Yes, the office suite Microsoft Office there is a free competitor to OpenOffice (as well as some other packages).

In turn, the cost of both the Windows server operating system itself and the licenses to use it can reach an impressive amount, which is likely to be higher than the cost of the hardware components of the server itself. In addition, the cost of licenses for user and tonne Windows 10 systems in the local network should be added to this amount.

Rationale for choice

On the Linux side - cost, stability, high efficiency and security. On the Windows side, there is also high performance, wider distribution and a familiar interface, the Active Directory directory service, hundreds of thousands of programs designed specifically for Windows. You should also take into account the huge number of updates offered daily by Microsoft, service packs ( service pack) that are periodically released for operating systems and other applications. Quite a bit of financial programs created exclusively for Windows, however, the use of Linux for various databases has recently become a common practice. Finally, let's talk about the hefty cost of licenses for Windows, as opposed to being able to get Linux and most software for free.

It would seem that many advantages are on the side of Linux - an operating system that is developing more than actively. However, she has. considerable shortcomings. First of all, Linux administration requires more skill than Windows control Server core services of Windows Server R2 2012 can be configured with an intuitive interface and screen tips. When setting up Linux, you will have to work with the command line and scripting languages. Which, of course, is somewhat more complicated. Free Linux, oddly enough, is also a disadvantage of the operating system. So many Linux programs (like herself) are not provided with any technical support or maintenance, so all the tasks of their installation and maintenance, and the solution of various other problems are assigned to the system administrator. This factor can become a serious drawback and even a threat to the stability of the entire network infrastructure of the company if the server administrator is not experienced enough in working with Linux.

On fig. 21comparison of Windows Server and Linux server operating systems for Web server.

rice. 21 Comparison of server operating systems Windows Server and Linux for Wep-server.

Figure 22 shows a comparison of Windows Server and Linux server operating systems for a file server.

Rice. 22 Comparison of server operating systems Windows Server and Linux for a file server.

Conclusion: In this graduation project, we chose Linux for the Wep server, and Windows Server for the file server.

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Comparisoneserver opsrational systems of the UNIX family

Introduction

user interface server operating

There are a wide variety of operating systems. In this term paper the emphasis is on server operating systems of the UNIX family. The UNIX operating system is one of the most widely used operating systems in the world. Versions of this OS exist for almost all hardware platforms. The UNIX operating system has been around for several decades. This is a record result for operating systems, the age of which, as a rule, is short. UNIX turned out to be an exception to the rule, it continues to develop and gain popularity. It's safe to say that the UNIX operating system has stood the test of time.

Created by a small group of developers, the UNIX system has been expanded and improved; thousands of specialists have invested their talent in it, enriched tens of thousands with applications, and today it serves millions of people who use this operating system in their activities.

The purpose of this course project is to compare server operating systems of the UNIX family, such as Solaris (Sun Microsystems), HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard), AIX (IBM), Linux and FreeBSD.

1. Purpose, functions and features of server operating systems

If the client operating system is designed to manage the resources of the computer on which it is running and to provide the user with certain services (such as running office applications, client parts of corporate applications, and in the case of a home computer, games and other multimedia applications), then the appointment of a server operating system systems is usually completely different: these operating systems run applications that serve all users of the corporate network, and often external users. Such applications include modern database management systems, network management and event analysis tools, directory services, messaging and group work tools, Web servers, mail servers, corporate firewalls, application servers for various purposes. The performance and reliability requirements for these operating systems are much higher than for client operating systems. Recently, server operating systems are sometimes required to provide such means of ensuring reliability and availability, such as support for clusters (a set of a number of computers of the same type that perform the same task and share the load), duplication and redundancy, reconfiguration of software and hardware without rebooting operating system.

In other words, the choice of a server operating system and a hardware platform for it is primarily determined by what applications it should run on (at a minimum, the selected applications must exist in a version for this platform) and what are the requirements for its performance, reliability and availability. Factors such as a convenient user interface, the ability to run client applications and other "user" needs, although they are present in modern versions of many similar operating systems, do not play a decisive role in this case - often server applications and the operating system itself can be administered remotely from the client computer.

Server OS features:

Providing the ability to share files and printers - files, directories located on the disks of the server, and printers connected to the server are used by many users;

Providing transparent access to shared resources from different client environments;

Support for a large number of users through the directory service, providing the possibility of a single registration in the system as opposed to a separate registration in each system and / or network service;

The ability to automatically detect and register new devices and extensions, auto tuning OS when new computing resources appear (memory, processors, disks);

Built-in encryption using certificate technology:

Support for data archiving and backup;

Support for Internet services (WWW, FTP, Java).

Server OS features:

Ability to configure and update software and hardware; provision without reboot;

Rich backup options;

Flexible and rich networking capabilities;

The use of services / daemons (a program running in the background without direct communication with the user);

Increased security and control over resource allocation

2. Server operating systems of the UNIX family

The UNIX operating system is one of the "long-livers" of the server operating system market - it was created in the late 60s at AT&T's Bell Laboratories. A distinctive feature of this OS, which determined its “survivability” and popularity, was that the core of the operating system written in assembler was small, while the rest of the operating system was written in C. This approach made it easily portable to a wide variety of hardware platforms and the operating system itself, and applications created for it. An important advantage of UNIX was its openness, which allowed both commercial and non-commercial versions of UNIX to exist simultaneously. Features common to all versions of UNIX are a multi-user mode with means of protecting data from unauthorized access, the implementation of multiprogram processing in a time-sharing mode, the use of mechanisms virtual memory and swapping, unification of input-output operations, hierarchical file system, various means of interaction between processes, including inter-network.

2.1 Solaris (Sun Microsystems)

From the earliest stages of development, Sun Solaris, one of the most popular commercial versions of UNIX, was intended to run in corporate computer networks. It provides extremely efficient and reliable access to servers, DBMS, printers and other network resources. This OS has advanced tools for supporting networking (for example, servers running the Solaris operating system can be embedded in networks and domains of Novell and Microsoft networks) and is one of the most popular platforms for developing corporate solutions - there are about 12 thousand different applications for it.

Solaris' predecessor was the Sun OS operating system, and the first version of the Solaris operating system, based on the two base flavors of UNIX, Berkley 4.2/4.3 (BSD) and AT&T System V, was released in 1991.

The Solaris OS conforms to many industry standards (X/Open UNIX 95, various sections of POSIX 1003.1, X11R6). This operating system is highly scalable: it can be used on single-socket servers and even workstations, workgroup servers, and the 64-processor Sun Enterprise 10000 server. processors through symmetric multiprocessor computing.

Solaris is now an extremely powerful and flexible multi-tasking, multi-user operating system available in SPARC and Intel x86 processor variants. Its latest release, Solaris 9, is the third (since Solaris 7) generation of 64-bit operating systems optimized for running on 64-bit Sun servers.

Here are some of the scalability and support for enterprise-wide applications in the Solaris 9 operating system:

1 million concurrent processes in one system;

Up to 128 processors in one system and up to 848 processors in a cluster;

Up to 576GB physical random access memory in one system;

Over 4 billion network connections;

File systems up to 252 TB;

128-bit IPv6 IP addressing;

64-bit Java Virtual Machine.

Other features of Solaris 9 include integration with the Sun ONE Directory Server and the J2EE-compatible Sun ONE Application Server (this allows you to organize a service for identifying users and objects on the network), the availability of configuration and change management tools, including reconfiguration and updating versions without rebooting the operating system, support for the RAS (Reliabiity, Availability, Serviceability - reliability, availability, serviceability) methodology in software development, compatibility with earlier versions and built-in compatibility with Linux. The presence of a relatively small operating system kernel significantly narrows the range of errors that can cause it to crash. Support for limiting the propagation of failures, managing the process of allocating system resources, isolating applications in so-called containers using software-defined boundaries, supporting alternative servers and network paths - all this guarantees the high reliability of this operating system.

The Solaris 9 operating system is the foundation of the Sun Open Net Environment (Sun ONE). Solaris 9 ships with key Sun ONE applications such as Sun ONE Application Server, Platform Edition, Sun ONE Directory Server, Sun ONE Integration Server, Sun ONE Message Queue, Sun ONE Portal Server, Sun ONE Web Server.

2.2 HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard)

The HP-UX operating system, developed by Hewlett-Packard, is a descendant of AT&T System V. Its latest version, HP-UX 11i, is available for two hardware platforms, PA_RISC and Itanium, and is primarily targeted at Hewlett-Packard's servers.

HP-UX 11i features include Windows and Linux integration, including portability for Java applications developed for these platforms, and performance enhancements for Java applications. In addition, Webgain Studio (a descendant of Symantec Visual Cafe) Java application authoring tool allows you to create HP-UX-optimized applications on Windows. In addition, HP-UX 11i supports the Linux API to ensure application portability between HP-UX and Linux. Note that applications for the HP-UX 11i are portable between the two hardware platforms it supports without modification or recompilation.

Speaking of the performance and scalability of the HP-UX 11i, it should be noted that one copy of the operating system supports up to 256 processors; Clusters up to 128 nodes in size are also supported, which makes it possible to implement so-called server farms (again based on HP 9000 servers manufactured by Hewlett-Packard). There are also tools for managing clustered volumes. Note that this platform supports connecting and disconnecting additional processors, replacing PCI cards, power supplies, fans and drives without the need to reboot, backup online and disk defragmentation without shutting down the system, dynamic tuning and updating the operating system without rebooting, which increases its availability.

HP-UX 11i data protection tools include attack and virus detection tools, an authentication plug-in with LDAP, NIS +, NTLM, Kerberos authentication, as well as support for common authentication for Windows and HP-UX.

The choice of software for this operating system is very wide - it has application servers from leading manufacturers (BEA, Sun), Web and WAP servers, search servers, caching tools, directory services.

2.3 AIX (IBM)

AIX is an IBM clone of UNIX designed to run on IBM @server pSeries and RS/6000 servers. Like other commercial versions of UNIX, the latest version of this product, AIX 5L, supports Java applications. Like HP-UX, this operating system is Linux-compatible, allowing applications designed for Linux to run on the AIX platform with a simple recompilation.

AIX 5L features include a fully 64-bit kernel, device drivers, and application runtime (with a 32-bit kernel as well as 32-bit application support), 256 GB of RAM, cluster support, file system, supporting files up to 1 TB, convenient administration and load control tools, including those with a Web interface, support for clusters (up to 32 computers), RAS and Java 2, advanced network support, and even support for 64-bit OpenGL.

AIX provides self-tuning capabilities with features such as Capacity Upgrade on Demand and Processor Deallocation. Self-defense systems include technology for logging all system errors(First Failure Data Capture) and a system of predictive failure analysis (Predictive Failure Analysis), which helps to prevent system failures in advance. AIX is a self-healing system where system redundancy technologies dramatically reduce administrator intervention. Finally, AIX can self-optimize with modern features such as the workload manager and logical partitions.

IBM has introduced a number of new features for AIX, including:

The increased memory page size allows you to store large amounts of information in the computer's memory. AIX supports both the traditional 4 KB memory pages and the new, larger 16 MB pages, which improves the performance of compute-intensive systems (such as large-scale commercial databases that work with large amounts of virtual memory);

Scheduling affinity helps localize the workload within the system by distributing it across a well-defined group of processors that have equal access to a shared memory subsystem;

Memory affinity allocates to running processors the pages of system memory that are closest to them.

At the same time, plans were announced to release a commercial AIX toolkit for Grid applications, which is based on the open protocols of the Globus association (a recognized leader in the field of software tools management for Grid networks) and allows you to combine many heterogeneous servers into spatially distributed megacomputers. This set of tools includes new tools for installing and configuring operating systems, as well as enhanced security tools. Key new features include the Message Passing Interface (MPI), Advanced Reservation, and integration with the IBM LoadLeveler batch job scheduler.

2 .4Linux

Linux is by far the most widely used free and open source operating system, originally developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki. When developing it, they tried to take all the best from the world of the UNIX family. Thanks to the participation of tens of thousands of software developers and their coordination over the Internet, Linux and its software are developing very dynamically, bugs and various problems in the software are usually fixed within a matter of hours after they are discovered. Great help in the development and distribution of Linux and related software was provided by the Free Software Foundation (USA) and the GNU license (The GNU General Public License, GNU General Public License) for software. To date, there is one Linux kernel, the development of which is coordinated by its creators Linus Torvalds and Alan Cox, and many distributions (at least 2-3 dozen), differing both in functionality and in the composition of the software included in the distribution. There are distributions that take up a dozen CDs, and distributions that fit on one or two floppy disks. Everything that is true for the UNIX family is also true for Linux.

Although this OS is often used as a client operating system, its popularity is mainly due to its use as a server platform. The list of server products for Linux is perhaps no less impressive than for Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX, and includes such popular products as the Apache Web server, server database management systems from almost all leading manufacturers, and application servers.

One of the major advantages of Linux is its low cost of use. In addition, a number of companies, such as IBM, are investing heavily in the development of Linux as a server platform, while simultaneously seeking to implement Linux compatibility in their commercial versions of UNIX, with the expectation of a possible transition from Linux to these operating systems.

There are many different Linux distributions available for installing and configuring the OS for specific needs; at the same time, some of them (namely, distributions, and not the operating system itself!) Are commercial.

2 . 5 FreeBSD

Another popular non-commercial version of UNIX is FreeBSD.

FreeBSD is a modern operating system for x86 (including Pentium(R) and AthlonTM), amd64 (including OpteronTM, AthlonTM64 and EM64T), ARM, IA-64, PowerPC, PC-98 and UltraSPARC(R) computers. It is based on BSD, a version of UNIX(R) created at UC Berkeley. It is developed and maintained by a large development team. Support for other platforms is in various stages of development.

Exceptional Network Features, High Performance, Provisioning Tools information security and compatibility with other operating systems - these are the modern features of FreeBSD, which are often still missing in other, even the best commercial operating systems.

FreeBSD is the ideal platform for building an Internet or Intranet server. This system provides reliable network services even under the most intensive load, and efficient memory management, which allows you to provide acceptable response time for thousands of concurrent user tasks. FreeBSD provides advanced network operating system capabilities for devices and embedded platforms, from high-end Intel-based devices to hardware Arm platforms, PowerPC and, soon, MIPS. From mail and web devices to routers, time servers and wireless access points, vendors around the world rely on built-in build and cross-build environments and advanced FreeBSD capabilities as the foundation for their embedded products. And Berkeley's open source license lets them decide how much of their local changes they want to bring back.

With over 20,000 ports of libraries and applications, FreeBSD supports applications for desktops, servers, devices, and embedded environments.

3. Comparison of server operating systems of the UNIX family

Which server operating system should I choose to install on my computer? The question is not as simple as it seems, and not unambiguous. For every argument in favor of any system, there will always be no less weighty counterarguments, which constantly provokes discussions on this topic. However, the situation is not so hopeless: each of the systems has its own advantages that you need to know and be able to use them depending on the tasks you are facing. Conventionally, all operating systems can be divided into three groups: these are commercial UNIX operating systems, UNIX-like open source operating systems, and the Windows family. On the part of UNIX-like operating systems, the choice is not at all easy. To decide on the choice of operating system, let's compare some of their features.

3 .1 User GUI

The convenience of working with the operating system depends entirely on its user graphical interface. Many years ago, there was no such thing as a graphical interface, and most of the work was done in symbolic mode. The very concept of "convenience" in the context of a graphical interface can be interpreted in different ways. Of course, a well-designed interface should be visual, not overloaded with visual elements, and at the same time provide effective means for sorting and presenting screen elements.

Most industrial Unix systems currently use the OSF/Motif-based CDE (Common Desktop Environment) interface, while Linux uses a large number of different interface systems, the most popular of which are KDE and Gnome.

Graphics have been and remain an integral part of the Solaris environment, where users can directly apply many graphic applications. Sun Microsystems has long been a leading graphics vendor with the largest market share in key industry sectors such as mechanical computer-aided design, architecture, technical design, the financial analysis.

The rapid development of multimedia applications, such as, for example, Web pages on the Internet, has led to an increase in the role of graphics and image processing tools in many non-technical areas as well. The innovative graphics architecture, combined with the networking capabilities of Solaris, helps developers bring graphics to the corporate information environment, apply advanced graphic technology in mission-critical e-commerce applications and systems.

3 .2 Safety

The issue of security is critical for any server. Server hardware is better to take with a built-in firewall. The server of any company usually stores important data, the confidentiality of which must be guaranteed. Over the past few years, cases of illegal penetration into the computer networks of companies and organizations have become more frequent in order to seize information or to disable the entire network. It is for this reason that a modern operating system must provide the highest possible level of protection against “hacking” and computer viruses.

The most secure operating system is considered OpenBSD. This is a careful control of the code, checking the software code, and weeding out everything that can be broken or compromise the system in any way. Next comes FreeBSD. Linux also copes well with the network and the LAMP bundle is the leader in the world, but not everything is so smooth with security, holes are closed just like in any system, you just need to follow the updates. enough.

3 .3 Operation stability

Some of the main advantages of the UNIX family of operating systems include amazing performance, legendary stability and reliability. The FreeBSD operating system is distinguished by its reliability and high stability and is often used in relation to server solutions. Most servers and resources on the Internet are organized on the basis of this OS.

The stability of Linux is also high, Linux users often work for months without a single reboot. Many Linux-based servers can run for a year or more without a reboot. At the same time, errors in the operation of programs, of course, also happen in Linux, but their consequences are often less significant than, for example, in Windows.

3 .4 Capabilities

The possibilities of operating systems of the UNIX family are almost limitless. Both operating systems allow you to fully customize the server to perform one or more functions.

Today, Linux is one of the most popular operating systems to use as a Web server. Most of the well-known Internet sites run on servers running Linux, corporate servers, Apache web server, gateways, proxy server, DNS servers, printing, file servers, email server, FTP server and more are tasks that can be effectively implemented using Linux.

3 .5 Scalability

Scalability was and still is the number one issue. When the load limit on the server is exceeded, the performance of applications, unless they stop their work at all, begins to decline more rapidly, the more users are simultaneously making requests. Response time begins to be measured not in seconds, but in cups of coffee.

UNIX is still well ahead of the rest of the OS in terms of the amount of workload it can handle while maintaining an acceptable response time.

The market for enterprise UNIX systems is divided between three major dialects - Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, and HP-UX. All these operating systems are constantly being improved. In terms of scalability, the largest network managed by a single Unix server can host up to 2,500 users simultaneously. That's an improvement over the mid-1998 hit of 1,800 users - and far more than Windows can handle. A number of experts claim that lack of scalability was the main factor that forced them to abandon Windows.

3.6 Price

When it comes to application servers, free operating systems are hard to compete with traditional commercial UNIX operating systems. And the question is not only about the performance, reliability and scalability of the operating system, although this is very important. Many leading vendors have developed or are developing enterprise-level applications for Linux, but (as far as we know) do not intend to support them.

Freely distributed operating systems have come close to commercial UNIX in terms of service convenience. Few can compete with Linux and FreeBSD in the Internet server and downstream server market. The main disadvantage of Linux and FreeBSD is the disunity of development efforts and the lack of a unified development concept.

Conclusion

Operating systems of the UNIX family are becoming more and more widespread. If earlier they were used only in servers, now they are beginning to find application on personal computers, netbooks and even mobile devices. But these operating systems are the real leaders in server solutions. UNIX systems are very widespread in large and small companies for organizing network infrastructure, so any self-respecting IT specialist should know the basics of installing, configuring and administering these operating systems.

The widespread use of operating systems of the UNIX family was due to their following advantages:

Many UNIX distributions are free, allowing you to save money while still building a system with similar functionality.

Operating systems of the family are less demanding on resources than competing server operating systems

Unix servers are easily scalable, allowing you to add new functionality on the same hardware platform

UNIX servers can be transferred to other hardware without any problems, because all parameters and settings are stored as text files, which can simply be copied to a freshly installed OS

Operating systems of the family have high stability, which is very important for systems that must be constantly in operation.

Detailed collection of server operation statistics is possible, and the logging detail is configurable. This makes it possible to detect problems in the system and fix them as soon as possible.

Many routine operations can be automated using scripts in various programming languages

Operating systems of the family have the ability to directly interact with many network devices

Of course, competing operating systems also have many of the above, but they are usually either paid or have less functionality. All operating systems of the family have common roots, therefore, having mastered one of them, you can master another without any problems. Although, depending on the tasks, a different level of training will be required to implement the same features on another OS from this family, as there may be nuances in using some functions.

List of sources used

1. Robachevsky A., Nemnyugin S., Stesik O. - UNIX operating system, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg: BHV 2010. - 656c.

2. Tanenbaum E. Modern operating systems: Series "Classics of computer science". - 3rd ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010. - 1120 p.

3. Tutorial [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://umk.portal.kemsu.ru/admin/book/chapter3.html

4. Classification of operating systems [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://edu.dvgups.ru/METDOC/ITS/STRPRO/ASY/METOD/UP/frame/1_4.htm

5. Introduction to Linux [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://citforum.ru/operating_systems/linux/lig-1.shtml#ss1.2

6. Project about FreeBSD [Electronic resource] - Access mode: https://www.freebsd.org/ru/about.html

7. Reference information and practical advice [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://hostinfo.ru/articles/219

8. Advantages of FreeBSD over other systems [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.bezopasnik.org/contest/Raven2000.htm

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What operating systems exist for servers.