Automated workplace(hereinafter AWP) is a set of hardware and software tools that automate business processes and improve the efficiency of employees of an organization. Usually AWP consists of a personal computer with installed software and peripheral devices .
Automated workplace
- is a set of hardware and software that ensure the prompt satisfaction of the information and computing needs of a specialist and located at his workplace.
- means of automation of production and technological processes, organization and management of production, organizational and economic management
Workstation block diagram
AWP function
are in the implementation of subject technology - a sequence of stages of modifying primary information into resultant information, through information technology - a system of methods and methods for collecting, accumulating, storing, searching and processing information, and supporting technology - a hardware and technological complex for information processing.
Classification of automated workplaces by types of tasks to be solved
information-computing AWP;
AWS for preparation and data entry;
information and reference AWPs;
AWS of accounting;
AWP for statistical data processing;
AWS for analytical calculations;
The modern concept of the automated workplace assumes long-term development in the following areas
the maximum degree of automation of the production process;
expansion and deepening of areas of automated labor;
ensuring safety and comfort in work at the workstation;
increasing the productivity of the workstation;
versatility, simplicity and reliability of the AWP system;
integration into the global information space;
maximum protection of all types of information;
flexibility and combinatoriality of the constituent components.
Automated control system(abbreviated ACS) - a complex of hardware and software, as well as personnel, designed to control various processes within a technological process, production, enterprise. ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. The term "automated", in contrast to the term "automatic", emphasizes the retention of certain functions for the human operator, either of the most general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automation. ACS with a Decision Support System (DSS) are the main tool for increasing the validity of management decisions.
The most important task of the ACS is to increase the efficiency of object management based on the growth of labor productivity and improve the methods of planning the management process. Distinguish between automated control systems for objects (technological processes - automated process control systems, enterprises - automated control systems, industry - automated control systems) and functional automated systems, for example, the design of planned calculations, material and technical supply, etc.
Goals of control automation
In general, a management system can be viewed as a set of interrelated management processes and objects. The generalized goal of control automation is to increase the efficiency of using the potential capabilities of the control object. Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:
Providing the decision-maker (DM) with relevant data for decision-making
Acceleration of individual data collection and processing operations
Reducing the number of decisions that must be made by the decision maker
Increasing the level of control and performance discipline
Improving management responsiveness
Reducing the costs of decision makers to perform auxiliary processes
Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made
In modern information technologies, automated workstations (AWS) are widely used. The creation of automated workplaces assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are entrusted to computer technology, while a specialist performs a certain part of manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in the preparation of management decisions. At the same time, computer technology works in close interaction with the user, who controls its actions, changes the values of individual parameters in the course of solving the problem, and also enters the initial data for solving problems and control functions. In practice, for each group of management workers, such functions are regulated by job descriptions, regulations, legislative acts, etc. The creation of an automated workplace provides:
· Access to modern electronic equipment of small enterprises, which was impossible in the conditions of centralized information processing;
· Simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;
Compact placement, high reliability, relatively simple Maintenance and low requirements for operating conditions;
· Information and reference service of the user;
· Developed dialogue with the user and the provision of services to him;
· Maximum use of system resources;
· The ability to maintain local and distributed databases;
· Availability of documentation for operation and maintenance;
Compatibility with other systems
Workplaces can be classified according to several criteria.
According to the technical base, on the basis of which the AWS is built, the following types of automated workstations are distinguished:
♦ AWPs, built on the basis of large general-purpose computers. They provide specialists of organizational and economic management with the opportunity to work with large databases with technical and software support provided by the forces of professionals in the field of computer technology - employees of their own information and computing facilities.
The disadvantages of such AWPs are:
The need to have a special subdivision in the organization for the hardware and software of computing facilities;
Lack of software flexibility;
Strict hardware requirements for the operating system;
High cost of machine resources;
Weak orientation of the computing system towards a non-programmer user, etc.
AWPs, built on the basis of small computers. They somewhat reduce the cost of organizing and operating AWPs, but retain most of the disadvantages inherent in AWPs built on the basis of large computers.
AWPs created on the basis of personal computers. This is the simplest and most widespread version of an automated workstation in modern information technology. In this case AWP is considered as a system in which the user himself directly performs all the functional responsibilities for the transformation of information.
AWPs built on the basis of personal computers have the following advantages:
Relatively low cost;
Low power consumption;
Relative ease of maintenance;
Usage simple languages communication with a PC;
The ability to connect to a LAN (local area network) and to a large-scale computer network;
The ability to use information resources from the DB;
Improving the efficiency and quality of information;
Release of personnel from routine work;
Reduction of the number of employees, etc.
By specialization, the following types of automated workstations can be distinguished:
AWP of the head designed to perform the functions of operational management and decision-making functions. The automated workplace of the manager allows:
Make decisions with maximum adaptation to specific situations;
Receive reports of the required form on all information in the automated corporate database;
Provide the manager or his direct assistants with efficiency and speed of search the information you need;
provide operational communication with other sources of information within the organizational structure and with the external environment, etc.
Workstation of a specialist provides the user with the opportunity to carry out analytical work, making the most of all the necessary information. The automated workstation of a specialist implements the following functions:
Work with personal databases and databases of the organization;
Providing a communication dialogue with additional sources of information;
Modeling the analyzed processes taking into account the accumulated experience;
Multifunctionality and flexibility of the system.
Workstation of a technical worker allows you to automate the daily routine work performed by the user:
Information input;
Keeping card files and archives;
Processing of incoming and outgoing documents;
Monitoring the daily personal plan of the manager, etc. The functioning of any type of AWP requires various types
securing
1. Workstation technical support- this is a reasonable choice of a set of technical means for equipping a specialist's workplace.
The basis technical support AWPs are personal computers of various capacities and types with a wide range of peripheral devices.
If a PC is used as a workstation of a small LAN, on which all the information necessary for a specialist's work is centrally stored, the amount of information processed is small. In this case, the speed of work is determined not by the speed of the PC, but by the speed of the dialogue between the user and the computer. In this case, it is quite acceptable to use a PC with a relatively low speed and the required amount of RAM.
If a PC is used for the regular preparation of bulky documents, solving complex functional tasks that require a lot of information support, it is necessary to install powerful PCs with high speed and large memory capacity.
2. Workstation information support are information databases used at the user's workplace.
The AWS information base must meet the following requirements:
Provide complete, reliable and timely information for solving professional problems of the user with minimal costs for its receipt, accumulation, search, processing and transmission;
Facilitate the implementation of the user's dialogue with the PC, providing for this the necessary means and methods;
Maintain the adequacy of the content of external (documentary) and internal (on magnetic media of direct access) forms of information storage in the context of those objects with which the performer works;
Provide ease of access to any information, protection against unauthorized access to certain data and high performance in working with data;
The information base should be minimally redundant and at the same time convenient for archiving data.
AWP users can be divided into two groups depending on the period of data acquisition:
Users, who need data in the process of their processing and formation (dynamic consumption)
Users, who need complete information about the state of the object (static consumption)
In this regard, for users of the AWS of the first group, an interactive mode of work with information bases is provided, for users of the second group it is optional.
3. Workstation software is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for information processing used in solving functional problems. The software includes tools for modeling control processes, methods and tools for solving typical control problems, methods for optimizing the management and production processes under study and decision-making (methods of multicriteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.). Technical documentation on software contains a description of tasks, tasks for algorithms, economic and mathematical models of tasks, text and test examples of their solution.
The software serves as the basis for the development of a complex of software tools, in connection with which its quality must be high and it must certainly be coordinated with the potential user of the automated workstation.
4. Workstation software determines its intellectual capabilities, professional orientation, breadth and completeness of the implementation of functions, the possibility of using various technical devices (blocks). The AWP software should perform the following functions
Workstation software is divided into two types:
Main elements general software usually come with personal computer... These include:
Operating systems and operating shells;
Database maintenance software;
Dialogue software;
Empowering Programs operating systems... The main purpose of this piece of software is
control of the processor, the organization of the interface between the user and the PC, the organization of access to memory, peripheral devices and the network, file management, launching application programs and managing the process of their execution, translation and execution of programs prepared in algorithmic languages.
Special software AWP usually consists of unique programs and functional packages of applied programs and determines the type, content and specific specialization of the AWP. Special software is created on the basis of software tools for dialogue systems, focused on solving a specific class of problems with similar functional and technological features of information processing. The main applications of the software packages that are part of the special AWS software are word processing, tabular data processing, database management, machine and business graphics, human-machine dialogue, communication support and networking.
Multifunctional integrated packages that implement several functions of information processing, for example, tabular, graphical, database management, text processing within one software environment, are effective in AWS.
The classification of the AWP software is shown in Fig. 4.5.
5. Linguistic support for AWP includes languages for communication with the user, query languages, information retrieval languages, and intermediary languages in networks. The language tools of the AWP are necessary for the unambiguous semantic correspondence of the user's actions and the PC hardware.
The basis of the languages of the linguistic support of the automated workplace is formed by predetermined terms, as well as descriptions of the ways with which new terms can be established, replaced or supplemented with existing ones. The capabilities of the language are also largely determined by the lists of rules, on the basis of which the user can build formal constructions that correspond to the implementation of the information need. For example, in some workstations, data and structures are presented in the form of tables, in others - in the form of operators of a special type.
6. Technological support AWP is a certain clearly established set of design solutions that determine the sequence of operations, procedures, stages in the relevant area of the user's activity.
The technological support of the AWP should provide for the following operations:
Entering information from documents using the keyboard (with visual control over the display screen);
Entering data into a PC from magnetic carriers from other workstations;
Reception of data in the form of messages via communication channels from other workstations in the conditions of functioning of local computer networks;
Data editing and manipulation;
Accumulation and storage of data;
Search, update and data protection;
Display, print, magnetic carrier of result information, as well as various reference and instructional messages to the user;
Formation and transmission of data to other AWPs in the form of files on magnetic media or via communication channels in computer networks;
Obtaining on-line information on inquiries.
7. Organizational support includes a set of documents regulating the activities of specialists when using a personal computer or terminal at their workplace. In this case, the need arises:
Define the functions and tasks of each specialist;
Regulate the interaction of employees;
Provide personnel with guidance materials for all technological operations automated processing information.
8. Methodological support of AWP consists of guidelines, recommendations and provisions for the implementation, operation and assessment of the effectiveness of their functioning. It also includes machine-organized reference information about the workstation as a whole and its individual functions, training tools for work on the workstation, demonstration and advertising examples.
9. Ergonomic support of workstation is a set of measures, the implementation of which should create the most comfortable conditions for the use of the workstation by specialists, the fastest mastering of technology and high-quality work at the workstation. Comfortable conditions presuppose the choice of special furniture to accommodate the technical base of the AWP, the organization of filing cabinets for storing documentation and magnetic media.
10. Legal support for AWP includes a system of regulatory documents that must clearly define the rights and obligations of specialists in the conditions of the workstation, as well as a set of documents regulating the procedure for storing and protecting information, rules for revising data, ensuring the legal authenticity of operations performed on the workstation, etc.
Electronic office
Electronic officeis a software and hardware complex designed for processing documents and automating the work of users in control systems.
An electronic office is organized in enterprises, organizations or institutions in management structures. The main functions of an electronic office are:
Automation of routine work with documents;
Organization of electronic document management.
To implement the above functions in the electronic office, a number of standard standard document processing procedures are performed, presented in Fig. 4.6. 
The electronic office includes hardware and software for the implementation of standard office information processing procedures:
Electronic office software- These are software packages that allow you to automate the basic procedures for processing information in the control process.
Electronic office software is divided into three groups, shown in Fig. 4.7.
1 . Programs for creating and editing documents. The basis for the functioning of any office is a document. The electronic office circulates documents containing data of different types ( text information, tabular data, graphics, etc.). Office programs for creating and editing documents different types, as a rule, they are integrated into a single package that allows you to work with one document, including various types of data. There are also independent software products focused on performing only one type of work: development spreadsheets, text editing, electronic layout of documents, etc.
For the formation and processing of each type of data, it is necessary to use special software packages focused on working with documentation information.
The characteristics of the main programs designed for the formation and editing of documents in the electronic office are presented in table. 4.1.
Automated workplace(AWP) - software technical complex, designed to automate certain types of activities. When developing AWPs, SCADA systems are usually used to control technological equipment.
AWS combines software and hardware that ensures human-computer interaction, provides the ability to enter information (via a keyboard, computer mouse, scanner, etc.) and display it on a monitor screen, printer, plotter, sound card - speakers or other output devices. As a rule, the AWP is part of the ACS.
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- AWP (disambiguation)
See what "" is in other dictionaries:
AWP A software and hardware complex for the automation of a certain type of activity. Note The types of workstations, for example, are the workstation of the operator of the technologist, the workstation of the engineer, the workstation of the designer, the workstation of the accountant, etc. [GOST 34.003 90] ... ... Technical translator's guide
Automated workplace- an individual complex of hardware and software designed to automate the professional work of a specialist and providing preparation, editing, search and display and printing of documents and data necessary for him ... ... Financial vocabulary
AUTOMATED WORKPLACE- (AWP) workplace for an operator, dispatcher, designer, technologist, etc., equipped with computer technology to automate the processing and display of information necessary to complete the production task ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
AUTOMATED WORKPLACE- (AWP), a workplace for an operator, dispatcher, designer, technologist, etc., equipped with computer technology to automate the processing and display of information necessary to complete the production task ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Automated workplace- (AWP) a complex of technical means of computing technology, ensuring effective interaction of the user (designer, designer, scientist, etc.) with a computer-aided design system (including aviation ... ... Encyclopedia of technology
Automated workplace- AWP is a software and hardware complex designed to automate the activities of a certain official from among the users of automated systems. EdwART. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergency Dictionary
Automated workplace- Automated workstation, AWP (workstation): a certain combination and spatial arrangement of production equipment in a production environment, the parameters of which are determined by the production program ... Source: ... ... Official terminology
workstation- 3.1 workstation; AWP (local control station): Operator's workplace with means of monitoring and control of automated equipment. Source: GOST R ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
workstation- ‘workplace’ Syn: workstation, AWP ... Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
AUTOMATED WORKPLACE- (AWP) workplace of the operator, dispatcher, designer, technologist, etc., equipped with means of calculating. equipment for automating processing processes and displaying information necessary to carry out production. tasks … Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
Books
- Information Technologies (CDpc), Konopleva Irina Apollonovna, Denisov A.V., Khokhlova O.A. information technologies at an economic facility. The technological process of information processing, the functioning of network information ... Buy for 1337 rubles
- Automated workstation of an economist, V. D. Kovalev, V. V. Khisamudinov. The essence of the automated workplace (AWS) as a means of implementing new information technologies in organizational and economic management is disclosed. The tasks to be solved are formulated ...
The increasing rates of informatization of society contribute to an increase in the role of computer technology in management processes. The capabilities of modern computing technology to automate the information processing process can increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information.
Currently, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local information processing has become widespread. This allows organizing the division of labor of management personnel and automating the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal computers for each level of management and each subject area.
Automated workplace(AWP) is a complex of computer technology and software, located directly at the employee's workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.
Automated workplaces should be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. but general principles creation of AWP remain unchanged:
- consistency;
- flexibility;
- stability;
- efficiency.
Under the principle of consistency the following is understood: an automated workstation should be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the AWP should clearly correspond to the functions for the implementation of which this automated workstation is created.
Flexibility principle is of great importance in the creation of modern and efficiently working automated workstations. This principle means the possibility of adapting the AWP to the proposed modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions for creating an automated workplace.
To ensure the principle of flexibility in real working automated workstations, all subsystems of a single workstation are performed in the form of separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid any incompatibility problems during replacement, all elements must be standardized.
Is of great importance sustainability principle... It consists in performing the functions inherent in the automated workplace, regardless of the impact of both internal and external factors. In the event of failures, the system must recover quickly, and malfunctions of individual elements must be easily eliminated.
The principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating the system should not exceed the economic benefit from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it should be borne in mind that its effectiveness will largely be determined by the correct distribution of functions and workload between the employee and the machine tools for information processing, the core of which is a personal computer. Only if these conditions are met, the AWS becomes a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
Practical experience of using AWPs as one of the elements of distributed control systems makes it possible to single out the following requirements for an efficiently and fully functioning workstation:
- timely satisfaction of the user's information needs;
- minimum response time to user requests;
- adaptation to the level of training of the user and the specifics of the functions performed by him;
- the ability to quickly teach the user the basic techniques of work;
- reliability and ease of maintenance;
- friendly interface;
- the ability to work as part of a computer network.
Consider the structure of an automated workplace and the relationship between its components. Usually AWP consists of hardware and software of computer technology, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.
Information support means constant information support for each individual automated workstation. The functioning of modern automated workplaces is impossible without the supply of timely, reliable and high-quality information.
Methodical documentation is a set of documents related to the procedure for the functioning of this AWP and, as a rule, includes input and output documents, instruction cards, job descriptions, etc.
The creation of a well-thought-out, easy-to-master set of methodological documentation is especially important when a system of automated workplaces is being introduced in an organization for the first time. In this case, it is necessary to explain in detail to employees the procedure for working with equipment that is new to them, as well as all the positive aspects of its use.
If necessary, it is necessary to arrange for employees to attend advanced training courses on working with computers. Every effort should be made to ensure that when implemented in an organization modern technologies of information processing, employees did not consider the appeared technical means as an obstacle to their normal work, but realized all the benefits and all the advantages of their use.
Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on them by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed. When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:
- tasks to be solved;
- interaction with other specialists;
- the professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
- development of not only functional software (FPO), but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing phone numbers etc.).
Creation of efficiently working professional AWPs allows to increase the labor productivity of specialists and reduce the number of personnel. This increases the speed of information processing and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.
For the effective use of the AWS complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated workstations will be created. The composition and number of AWPs depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.
In practice, the development of specific AWPs most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by the employee at this workplace. It should be borne in mind that the employee's AWP should only compose those programs that are really necessary for a specialist to work. An excessive amount of software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract the employee from performing their duties.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to clearly define the information needs of each specialist - the prospective user of the AWP. Generally speaking, each user should formulate such needs independently. The optimal implementation of the created system is possible only if users can define their goals and indicate the nature of the information they need to achieve these goals. In addition, this approach to solving the problem of forming the AWP software eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine. In this case, the user himself determines the operations that he constantly performs, and clearly knows which programs were installed for their automated execution.
However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for information necessary for work. In this case, you can get information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: by asking the employee a direct question or by obtaining information indirectly.
In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:
- a list of their main responsibilities;
- specific information required to fulfill the above duties.
The information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions taken in the process of their implementation.
In another approach, information about the performed responsibilities and information needs is obtained indirectly. The AWS developer asks employees - users of future AWPs - to describe what happens in the process of their execution job responsibilities... After that, the developer must formulate specific questions to which it is necessary to get answers on the assumption that the AWP is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain a better understanding of their activities and, in particular, about the process of making difficult decisions.
The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next steps on the way to the creation of an automated workplace are the determination of those functions from this list that can be automated, and the choice of programs with the help of which this can be done.
An employee of any specialty with the help of the AWP can perform the following operations:
- enter written information from the keyboard and visually control this process using a monitor;
- edit data;
- move, copy, delete information;
- display information on the screen, printer, write it to media;
- transfer data from one PC to another using storage media;
- exchange data via communication channels within the local computer network or the Internet;
- accumulate and store data;
- search and collect the necessary information, update data;
- receive information from databases;
- protect information.
Let us determine the composition of the software required to create standard AWPs. Recall that the composition of specific AWPs largely depends on a specific organization and job duties performed by employees.
Let's consider the main approaches to the recruiting of the manager's workstation. By the head we mean not only the head of the organization, but also his deputies, chief accountant, chief engineer, heads of structural divisions of the enterprise, i.e. managers of various levels. For these categories of employees, the functions they perform are largely similar, therefore, the composition of the functional AWS software will be approximately the same.
Most often, the manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the leader (knowledge of information systems, management style, perception of information needs) and the organizational structure of management within which decisions are made.
The higher the competence of a leader in the field of information systems, the more complex and accurate his information needs will be. Realizing the possibilities and the costs involved puts him in a much better position to help design an effective system.
A leader's technical training, leadership style, and decision-making ability all influence the nature and amount of information they require. Some managers prefer to make decisions based on detailed information, while others - on the basis of more general information, using personal consultations with subordinates.
The manager's own ideas about information needs also provide great importance on the composition of the AWP software. Leaders often hesitate between wanting to know only the data they need, or knowing all the information. Many managers have no idea what information they need.
There are several points of view of managers regarding their responsibilities in relation to the dissemination of information to their subordinates. An executive who is unable or unwilling to delegate authority usually seeks to delay information.
The problems of information support of management depend on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. Larger enterprises with more complex organizational structures require more formal information systems, and information needs become even more important for operations.
Each level of government requires different types information and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, outputs, or a single request are required; at the level of scheduling management - reporting deviations, conclusions and various messages about periodic evaluations. At the level of operational control, a formal report on established procedures and a daily report on the implementation of an operation are necessary to ensure operational control of activities.
The more complex an organization's structure, the easier it is to identify information needs. Where rights and responsibilities are clearly defined, relationships are clear, and decision-making areas are limited, information needs are easier to identify. The manager's responsibilities include:
- making management decisions within the scope of their responsibilities;
- analysis and generalization of information necessary for making these decisions;
- identifying the necessary actions for implementation decisions taken and determination of the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
- formulation of tasks for specific employees involved in the implementation of management decisions, and bringing these tasks to them;
- control over the execution of tasks.
Obviously, the majority of modern automated workplaces cannot take on the function of making managerial decisions, but they can significantly facilitate and accelerate the performance of this function by the head. It is advisable to include at least the following software in the functional software of the manager's workstation:
- word processor;
- tabular processor;
- DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization's activities, as well as for obtaining the necessary archival and operational information);
- an applied expert system (if necessary);
- web browser;
- program Email.
When developing a workstation for specialists, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the nature of their job duties. The information needs of ordinary employees, as well as of the management staff, depend on factors such as the personal qualities of the employee and the structure of the organization. With regard to personal qualities, knowledge of information systems and technologies, as well as an understanding of the need for information, is of great importance.
In the field of the structure of the organization, the profile of its activities plays an essential role. For example, although in a large industrial enterprise and in a small trading company, the functions of accounting are essentially the same, the specific tasks performed by the accounting staff, as well as the types of documents with which they have to work, can be very different. Therefore, the correct selection and configuration of software products for the work of a particular organization is extremely important.
Let's consider the composition of the AWP software for the most common specialties. The programs listed below constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.
The current stage of the economic development of society has a significant impact on the composition and content of the functions performed by an accountant. From him is required not only knowledge of traditional accounting, but also the ability to work with securities, justify investments Money, to have an objective idea of the economic and financial condition of the organization, etc. In this, the use of modern computer technologies can provide significant assistance.
The use of computer technology makes it possible to automate many of the functions performed by an accountant. The main functions of the accounting department are:
- accounting:
- - funds in the central cash desk and on the settlement account (accounts) of the organization in banks;
- - settlements with staff on remuneration of employees;
- - commodity transactions (for trade organizations);
- - materials and fixed assets available in the organization (of great importance for industrial enterprises);
- - taxation;
- maintenance:
- - settlements with suppliers, customers, co-executors, etc .;
- - consolidated financial statements.
This list of accounting functions is far from complete, it only gives general idea about the implementation of which minimum range of tasks should ensure software package Workstation of an accountant. A separate range of tasks is the provision of information links between the accounting department and external organizations. This means that it is necessary to organize the timely receipt of regulatory and methodological materials by the accounting staff, as well as the transfer of consolidated reporting to the relevant external organizations. Such organizations include higher authorities and administrations, tax inspectorates, statistical bodies, etc.
It is desirable to organize machine-to-machine information exchange with banks within the "client-bank" system. This service is offered by the bank that serves the current account of this organization. It consists in providing the ability to manage this account directly from the office of the organization. The programs of the "client - bank" system make it possible to implement many useful functions: creation of payment orders and their transmission to the bank via modem, receipt of statements from the current account, etc. To ensure the protection of transmitted data, mandatory use is provided special means information protection (encryption, electronic signature). There are many positive aspects to using such a system. It allows you to save time, speed up customer service (due to the prompt receipt of information about the receipt of funds on the account). Also, the use of this technology relieves employees of the need for constant trips to the bank to make payments.
Thus, the functional software of the accountant's workstation should include the following programs:
- word processor;
- a system for processing financial and economic information;
- personal information system (organizer);
- DBMS;
- e-mail program;
- programs implementing the "client-bank" technology.
On modern Russian market computer programs presented a large number of complexes for the automation of accounting. The main difference between software products is their focus on large, medium or small businesses. Also, the programs are available in local and network versions. Network options are somewhat more complicated and more expensive. They require special equipment, operating systems, etc. In addition, the organization needs a staff of qualified specialists to maintain the network. However, the network options are convenient in that they include functions for computer processing of management information throughout the organization.
For small organizations, it is convenient to use the so-called mini-bookkeeping packages. They are designed to automate the work of a small staff of accounting staff who do not have a pronounced specialization in specific areas of accounting.
These packages are designed for unprepared users, they are easy to learn and work with. The main opportunities provided by this kind of programs include the formation of a number of primary accounting documents, maintaining a journal of business transactions, drawing up consolidated financial statements, etc. The most famous such software products are 1C: Accounting, Turbo-Accountant, etc.
For larger enterprises, small and medium-sized businesses, it is advisable to use packages such as "Integrated Accounting System". These packages allow you to conduct automated accounting for some areas in an offline mode with their subsequent consolidation into a single consolidated reporting. The most widespread software products of this type are a logical continuation of the development of mini-accounting packages. Packages such as "Sail", "Kompekh +", "Bambi +" and others are of good quality.
For organizations of medium and large business, packages of the "Integrated accounting system" type are best suited. Main feature similar software products are their modular construction. Moreover, each module is responsible for performing the functions of a certain area of accounting. All modules are interconnected, which allows you to draw up consolidated reporting documents. Typically, such complexes include the following modules: "posting - ledger - balance", accounting for labor wages, accounting for fixed assets, accounting for fixed assets, finished products, accounting for production costs, analysis of the financial condition of an organization, etc. Such systems allow connect new modules and thus expand the complex and its functionality... In this case, it is necessary to comply with the condition of the interconnection of all components of the system. This is best achieved by purchasing separate software products (modules) from the same company.
In the accounting software market, packages such as "Integrated accounting system" of such firms as "Infosoft", "Intellect-service", "Omega", etc. have proven themselves well.
Organization of automated workplaces for a manager and an accountant is the most developed direction of development and implementation of computer technologies in the process of enterprise management. However, the functions of other professionals can also be performed more efficiently with the introduction of computer technology. Let's take a look at some of them.
Workstation of a specialist frames. The main functions of a HR specialist include the following:
- determination of the personnel structure of the organization, drawing up staffing table;
- selection and placement of personnel;
- current work with personnel;
- storing information about employees of the enterprise (personal data, information about movement in the service, rewards and punishments, hours worked, etc.).
To solve these problems, the workstation of a personnel specialist should include the following software tools:
- word processor;
- DBMS;
- e-mail program;
- applied expert system for the selection and placement of personnel.
AWP of the secretary
The main functions of the secretary are:
- providing the manager with operational information about the activities of the enterprise;
- keeping a calendar of business meetings, conferences, etc .;
- ensuring communication between managers of different levels;
- preparation of the necessary documents.
To perform these functions, the following set of programs is required:
- word processor;
- tabular processor;
- DBMS;
- web browser;
- e-mail program;
- document management system.
Workstation of a lawyer
The main functions of a lawyer are:
- preparation of templates for the main documents of the organization (samples of contracts, external reports, certificates transferred to third-party organizations, etc.);
- legal support of transactions.
The corresponding automated workstation includes:
- word processor;
- personal Information system(organizer);
- DBMS;
- web browser;
- e-mail program;
- specialized legal reference systems ("Garant", "ConsultantPlus", etc.).
In addition, the automated control system may include an automated workplace for an employee of the sales department, an automated workplace for a warehouse employee, an automated workplace for a security officer, an automated workplace for a marketer, an automated workplace for a cashier, etc. (depending on the field of activity of the organization).
For each of these specialists, appropriate software packages that make up an automated workstation.
When creating a complex of automated workstations in an organization, it is necessary to ensure mutual exchange of information between them. Ego is necessary due to the fact that many tasks require the participation of various specialists in their solution and the fixation of data in various reporting documents.
So, for example, when accounting for the consumption of materials, it is necessary to use the automated workstations of various specialists: the workstation of the warehouse employee, the workstation of the accountant for material accounting, the workstation of the marketing department, the workstation of the employee of the financial department, and, finally, the workstation of the consolidated accounting department.
When calculating the wages of employees, the corresponding accounting workstation exchanges information with the personnel department employee's workstation.
Thus, the introduction of automated workplaces in the organization should be carried out inseparably from the entire process of informatization of the organization and within the framework of the creation of an integrated automated management system for this organization.
It should be noted that at the moment there are a large number of companies offering ready-made automated workstations for individual specialists or AWP complexes. In the event that the set of functions they offer meets the tasks of a particular organization, then the use of these software packages will optimal solution... Otherwise, it is necessary to attract specialists to develop specialized software systems.
12.1 Automated workstation of a specialist: purpose and specifics of tasks to be solved
Automated workstation (AWP) Is a set of methodological, linguistic, technical and software tools that allow to organize the work of end users in a certain subject area. Workstation specifics - If before the users of computers were people with special programming and engineering training, now people of a wide variety of professions become users of PCs, as a rule, who do not have such special training.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide each PC user with the opportunity to work in terms familiar to him, to operate with concepts and rules that make up the essence of his profession.
AWP has a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. The localization of the automated workplace allows for operational processing information immediately upon its arrival, and the processing results can be stored for as long as necessary at the user's request.
In the context of the implementation of the management process, the purpose of the implementation of AWP is to enhance the integration of management functions, and each more or less "intelligent" workplace should provide work in a multifunctional mode.
In the most complex systems, AWPs can, through special equipment, connect not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems).
The capabilities of the AWPs being created depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. Any configuration of the AWP must meet the general requirements for the organization of information, hardware, software.
An automated workstation (AWP) can be defined as a set of information, software and hardware resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.
The creation of an automated workplace assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computer technology, and the economist performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in the preparation of management decisions. Personal equipment is used by the user to control production and economic activities, changes, the values of individual parameters in the course of solving the problem,
as well as input of initial data into AIS for solving current problems and analysis of management functions.
Analyzing the essence of automated workplaces, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.
For each control object, it is necessary to provide for automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles for creating an automated workplace should be:
- consistency;
- flexibility;
- stability;
- efficiency;
- maximum focus on end user;
- problem orientation towards solving a certain class of problems;
- ergonomics;
- the principle of compliance of the user's information needs with the used technical
means;
- the principle of creative contact between AWPs and their potential users.
According to the principle of consistency, AWPs should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.
The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.
The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWS system should perform basic functions regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts must be easily eliminated, and the system's performance must be quickly restored.
The effectiveness of the automated workplace should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, referred to the costs of creating and operating the system.
The functioning of the AWP can give a numerical effect only under the condition of the correct distribution of functions and load between a person and machine tools for information processing, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the automated workplace become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.
AWP as a tool for rationalizing and intensifying management
activity is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the AWS is the information and reference service. Although this function is to some extent inherent in any AWS, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the category of the user.
AWPs have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. Professional AWPs are the main tool for human communication with computer systems, playing the role of autonomous workplaces. AWPs perform decentralized simultaneous information processing at the performers' workplaces as part of a distributed database. At the same time, they have an output through the system device and communication channels in the PC and the database of other users, thus ensuring the joint functioning of the PC in the process of collective processing.
AWPs created on the basis of personal computers are the simplest and
a common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such an automated workstation is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire session. This corresponds to the approach to the design of such a component of an automated workplace as an internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a particular automated workplace should be at the exclusive disposal of the user of the automated workplace. The user himself performs all the functional responsibilities for the transformation of information.
The creation of a PC-based AWP provides:
Simplicity, convenience and user-friendliness;
Ease of adaptation to specific user functions;
Compactness of placement and low requirements for operating conditions;
High reliability and survivability;
Relatively simple maintenance organization.
An effective mode of work of the AWP is its functioning within the local computer network as workstation... This option is especially expedient when it is required to "distribute" information and computing resources among several "users.
Typical AWP structure
The creation of an automated workstation for organizational management systems involves their structuring and parameterization at the design stage. The structuring of the automated workplace includes a description of the operating environment: supporting and functional subsystems and connections between them, interfaces with the user and technical means, information and software tools
Parametrization provides for the selection and study of parameters, the allocation and study of the parameters of hardware, software and information tools that meet the requirements and constraints formed during structuring
Structurally, the AWS includes functional and supporting parts. The functional part determines the content of a specific AWP and includes a description of a set of interrelated tasks that reflect the features of the automated functions of the user's activity. The development of functional support is based on the user's requirements for the automated workplace and its functional specification, which includes a description of input and output information, means and methods for achieving the reliability and quality of information, used media, communication interfaces.
Typically, this also includes descriptions of means of protection against unauthorized access, system recovery in failure situations, management in non-standard cases. The supporting part includes traditional types of support: information, software, hardware, technological, and others.
Information support includes a description of the organization information base, regulates information communications, predetermines the composition and content of the entire information display system.
Workstation software is subdivided into general and functional. The general software is supplied with a PC and includes operating systems, application programs that extend the capabilities of operating systems, dialogue software and others.
The general software is designed to control the operation of the processor, organize access to memory, peripheral devices, launch and control the processor, execute application programs, and ensure the execution of programs in high-level languages.
Functional software is designed to automate the solution of functional tasks, includes universal programs and functional packages. When designing these software tools, it is necessary to follow the principles of orientation of development to a specific user.
The set of requirements for software and hardware is reflected in a variety of user functions, and this allows you to solve the problem of professional orientation to the user. The technical support of the AWP is a complex of technical means of information processing based on a PC, designed to automate the functions of a specialist in the subject and problem areas of his professional interests. The workstation of a specialist in the field of organizational management is usually based on a personal or collective PC.
The technological support of the AWP is intended for organizing the technological process of using the AWP in relation to the complex of tasks being solved, corresponding to the functions of a specialist. The technological process is a set of functional works, including the provision of input, control, editing and manipulation of data, accumulation, storage, search, protection, receipt of output documents. Due to the fact that the user is, as a rule, a member of a certain team and performs certain work in it, it is necessary to provide for the technological interaction of performers in solving problems, to provide a condition for the teamwork of specialists. These provisions should be reflected in
qualification requirements and job descriptions for AWP users.
AWP classification
The AWP classification can be based on a number of classification features. Taking into account the areas of application, it is possible to classify the automated workplace according to the functional criterion:
1. AWS of administrative and managerial personnel;
2. AWP for the designer of electronic equipment, automated control systems, etc.
3. Workstation of a specialist in the field of economics, mathematics, physics, etc.
4. Workstation for production and technological purposes.
An important classification feature of an automated workplace is its operating mode, according to which single, group and network operating modes are distinguished. In the first case, the AWP is implemented on a separate PC, all resources of which are at the exclusive disposal of the user. Such a workplace is focused on solving non-standard, specific tasks, and small computers are used for its implementation. In a group mode of operation on the basis of one computer, several workplaces are implemented, united according to the principle of administrative or functional community. In this case, more powerful computers and rather complex software are required.
Group mode is typically used to organize distributed data processing within a separate department or organization to serve stable teams of specialists and managers. The network operating mode of the AWP combines the advantages of the first and the second. In this case, each AWP is built on the basis of one computer, but at the same time it is possible to use some common resources of the computer network. One of the approaches to the classification of automated workplaces is their systematization according to the types of tasks being solved.
The following AWP groups are possible:
1. To solve information and computing tasks;
2. To solve the problems of preparing and entering data;
3. To solve information and reference tasks;
4. To solve accounting problems;
5. To solve the problems of statistical data processing;
6. To solve problems of analytical calculations.
Reasonable assignment of AWPs to a certain group will contribute to a deeper and more thorough analysis, the possibility of a comparative assessment of different AWPs of the same type in order to choose the most preferable one.
A more complex form is an AWP using a PC as
smart terminal, as well as with remote access to the resources of the central (main) computer or external network.
In this case, several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main PC, while each PC can work as an independent terminal
device.
In the most complex systems, AWPs can, through special equipment
connect not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc.).
The capabilities of the AWPs being created largely depend on the technical
operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. In this regard, at the stage of designing an automated workplace, requirements are clearly formulated for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc.
A prerequisite for the functioning of the AWP is technical support. This is a reasonably chosen set of technical means for equipping them.
Information processing facilities - computers of various capacities and types - constitute the basis for the technical support of computer networks. A characteristic feature of the practical use of technical means in organizational and economic management is currently the transition to decentralized and networked processing based on personal computers.
If a PC is used as a small workstation local network, on which all the information necessary for work is centrally stored, the amount of processed information is small. In this case, the speed of work is determined not by the speed of the computer, but by the speed of the dialogue between the operator and the machine. It follows from this that in this case a PC with a low speed and a minimum amount of RAM is quite acceptable.
In another case, if the computer is intended for the regular preparation of voluminous documents and uses large amounts of information for this, it is necessary to install powerful machines with a large amount of external and internal memory.
The information content of the AWS, when determining the circle of users and clarifying the essence of the tasks they solve, is carried out by the information support of the AWP. In the area of organizational management, users can be roughly divided into three categories:
supervisors, supervisors and service personnel. The automated workstations developed for different categories of users differ in the types of data presentation. For example, service personnel usually deal with the internal data of the organization, solve repetitive tasks, use, as a rule, structured information.
Leaders need both internal and external data to implement a management goal or make a decision.
The use of AWP should not disrupt the rhythm of work habitual to the user. AWPs focus the user's attention on the logical structure of the tasks being solved, and not on the characteristics of the one that implements them software system... However, if the action specified for the system is not performed, the user must know the reason, and information about this must be displayed on the screen.
The Orion system is an object-oriented system designed for
organization of the workplace of the security service operator on duty and management of the following subsystems: burglar and fire alarms, access control, video surveillance, control of fire automatics, management of engineering subsystems
The operator of the ´Orion system works directly with the ´Operative task of the system and must use the following commands and functions of this program:
1) program launch and operator identification;
2) change of duty;
3) arming and disarming zones and sections;
4) handling of alarms;
5) launching control scripts;
6) management of access control elements;
7) display of statistics and regulation of smoke and dust thresholds;
8) launching the screen saver;
9) disabling the alarm sound notification;
10) viewing the list of connected devices;
12) viewing the status of the program;
13) switching between floor plans;
14) receiving a report for the shift;
15) regular shutdown of the program.
And also observe the “Procedure in the event of an operating system failure”.
