In addition to the actual translation knowledge, the translator must be able to use various equipment serving his activities, as well as auxiliary items. The simplest help for a translator is his notebook.
An interpreter (even if he is not a simultaneous interpreter) must be able to use a simultaneous interpreter's booth and have a good knowledge of its structure and technical equipment: microphones, switching buttons, and a monitor. In the event of a malfunction or unsatisfactory sound quality in the cockpit, he must immediately inform the technician on duty, who is always near the simultaneous interpreters' booths. The first acquaintance with this kind of technique occurs during the training of translators, in the booths of the training conference room, as well as in specialized classrooms such as "Prism" and "Spectra".
The ability to use a voice recorder, tape recorder, video recorder will also be useful to the translator. Modern translation is unthinkable without computer skills, the ability to extract information from dictionaries in electronic form, and the ability to use the Internet.
At present, the activity of a translator cannot be imagined without the use of information technology. Already at the stage of job search, the translator turns to various sites, email addresses potential customers, sending your resume, etc. Receiving the text for subsequent translation, communication with the customer and all further activities of the translator are also mediated by information technologies. All this makes it necessary to teach students how to use a computer in their future professional activities. However, as the learning experience shows, simple acquaintance of students with existing information technologies does not seem to be effective. At each stage of this complex professional activity, the use of information technology has its own specifics.
The first stage in the activity of a translator is the stage of obtaining a foreign language text and preparing for its translation.
The next task of this stage, which also precedes the actual translation process, is to get acquainted with the subject of the statement, clarify the subject of the text and select the appropriate dictionaries and reference literature. If the text for translation is provided to the translator in printed form, modern computer capabilities allow you to scan it and use an optical character recognition system to translate it into electronic form. Only after this does the translator begin the next stage of his activity - the understanding and interpretation of a foreign language text in his specialty.
Computer use, ability to request necessary information via the Internet allow to significantly expand the information and reference search in the activities of the translator of scientific and technical texts. As the interviews with translators have shown, at this stage of his / her activity, a translator can:
1. Participate in professional chat rooms with native speakers.
2. Use electronic dictionaries and on-line automated systems
translation.
3. Search for publications on the topic of translation.
4. Visit the forums of translators, ie. use the possibilities of the Internet for professional communication.
5. View the latest translation news to clarify context and terminology.
The information obtained can be entered into an electronic dictionary, which is maintained by the translator throughout his professional career.
The next stage in the translator's activity is the synthesizing stage, i.e. the actual translation of the understood text. When generating a text, the translator must model its understanding by the future recipient, as well as take into account the discursive and genre parameters of constructing the text in Russian. When translating at the stage of creating a comprehensible text in Russian, a computer came to the translator's assistance, which makes it possible to:
1. Find synonyms for words.
2. Use electronic dictionaries.
3. Use an electronic translator when translating some standardized genres, such as a patent or instruction manual.
4. Create a system of translator's notes to the most controversial or requiring clarification of the context places.
The final stage in the translator's activity is the verification and delivery of the translation made. Currently, all translated texts must be submitted in electronic version. The wide possibilities of computer technology greatly facilitate the editing and formatting of the translation text. Thus, with the help of a computer at this stage it is possible:
1. Check spelling and grammatical structures in the translation text;
2. Apply formatting templates (in accordance with generally accepted in the country);
3. Get statistics on the translated and translated text (the number of characters, words, paragraphs, etc.);
4. Use graphic elements (graphs, diagrams, tables, pictures, etc.).
1. Information technology competence of the translator.
2. Automated workstation of the translator
2.1. Working with a text editor. Automatic editing of the translation text.
2.2 Electronic dictionaries and translation. Electronic Libraries
2.3. Electronic text corpora and translation
2.4 Computer translators
I. According to many scientists, an important component professional competence a translator is a technical component, which involves the possession of the appropriate technical means, and primarily electronic. A graduate in the direction of training 035700.62 "Linguistics" of the profile "Translation and Translation Studies" must, according to the training standard, have, among other things, the following competencies:
Possess standard methods for solving basic typical tasks in the field of linguistic support of information and other applied systems;
Have skills in working with a computer as a means of obtaining, processing and managing information;
Have the ability to work with information in global computer networks;
Be able to work with electronic dictionaries and other electronic resources for solving linguistic problems;
Possess the basics of information and bibliographic culture,
Possess a methodology for preparing for translation, including searching for information in reference books, special literature and computer networks;
Be able to format the translation text in a computer text editor;
Be able to work with the main information retrieval and expert systems, knowledge representation systems, syntactic and morphological analysis, automatic synthesis and speech recognition, processing of lexicographic information and automated translation, automated systems for identification and verification of personality.
I name here those competencies where the knowledge of information literacy is expressed explicitly, and in addition, many other competencies include this concept implicitly, for example.
Summarizing all of the above, it can be argued that a modern linguist, a specialist in the field of translation, cannot do without information means for receiving, processing, storing and transmitting information in his professional activities. Such means include such electronic resources as:
Text editor,
Electronic bilingual and monolingual dictionaries for online and offline work;
Internet;
Terminological databases;
Specialized terminological dictionaries and glossaries;
Automatic editing programs;
General and specialized encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries;
Electronic style guides;
Electronic corpuses of parallel texts and concordancers;
Electronic libraries;
Online newspaper and magazine archives;
Translation Memory Programs
Machine translation programs;
New communication technology and etc.
II. Due to the fact that technical means began to occupy an increasing place in the professional activity of a translator in practice and in theory, the concept of an automated translator's workplace appeared. AWS includes such technical means as a computer, a scanner, a fax machine or fax modem, a printer, the Internet with all its components (e-mail), a telephone, as well as electronic resources. A translation made with the help of computer technology is called an automated translation. The term CAT is used to refer to automated translation. English term - computer-assisted translation, computer-aided translation - CAT. With a narrow understanding of this concept, CAT includes such translation automation systems as SDL Trados, Deja Vu, StarTransit, Wordfast and others. According to Wikipedia, "Automated translation is a type of translation where a human translator translates texts using computer programs designed to facilitate the translation process." With a wide range of CAT technology, it includes electronic dictionaries and machine translation programs, a Translation Memory system, spell checkers, grammar checkers, terminology databases, full-text search tools, concordancers, etc.
III. In the Microsoft Word text editor, which translators usually work with, there are a number of functions that are important for the translator. This is Spelling and Grammar Checker - a spelling and grammar checker for text. The program allows you to control the spelling of words.
Programs for checking the correct syntax and style of text in a text editor included in the spelling checker:
1. Bullfighter checks the spelling, syntax and style of text in Microsoft Word and PowerPoint applications,
2. English Writing Software
3. Grammar Checker 7.0
4. Grammar Slammer-Non-Windows 4.0
5. Grammar Slammer 4.2
6. Grammatica English
7. SpellCheckPlus
8. WhiteSmoke English 2009
The program included in the Microsoft Office 2003 and 2007 package makes it possible to find the following types of errors: spelling and punctuation (hyphenation, use of capital letters, non-observance of spelling norms of the selected option of English language etc.), grammatical errors (violation of the agreement of the predicate with the subject, incorrectly constructed verb construction, double negation, etc.), stylistic errors (cliches, colloquial words, jargon, misuse of the word, etc.)
The Microsoft Office 2007 text editor has the function of translating selected text or the entire document from one language to another ("built-in translator") in the "Review" panel, here you can also track the differences between the two texts, i.e. changes that are made to the translation text after the translator has finished working on it. When is such a comparison necessary? If the translator works on the text alternately with the editor, the translator receives a piece of the text from the editor and can compare and see the changes made.
The Thesaurus function allows you to find synonyms or antonyms that can be used to avoid duplication in translation.
It is known that
2.2. Electronic dictionary - a computer database containing specially coded dictionary entries that allow quick search for words, often taking into account the morphological form and with the ability to search for word combinations, as well as with the ability to change the direction of translation.
Advantages of electronic dictionaries:
1. high speed of information processing;
2. portability of the storage medium;
3. the availability of the latest vocabulary due to rapid updating, especially in rapidly developing areas (nanotechnology, computer technology, etc.);
4. simultaneous access to several dictionaries;
5. the ability to change the direction of translation.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in online dictionaries for translators. all of the above characteristics are inherent to them to a greater extent than offline.
Disadvantages:
1. Lack of verification / inaccuracy of some data
Famous dictionaries include Abbyy Lingvo, Multilex, Polyglossum, Context 7.0, Elsevier (Version 2002), etc.
Multilex Delux 6 is 28 English-Russian and Russian-English general, thematic and explanatory dictionaries, including the Oxford English-Russian Dictionary, the Large Russian-English Dictionary by A.I. Smirntitsky, the English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin , linguistic and cultural dictionaries of the USA and Great Britain.
Abbyy Lingvo x3 - 150 dictionaries with a total volume of 9 million articles On the sites of users of this dictionary, you can find useful dictionaries and information www.lingvoda.ru and www.lingvodics.com.
In addition, Abbyy has developed professional system for creating, storing and updating ABBYY Lingvo Content dictionaries. With its help, you can create, update, replenish and analyze dictionaries of any complexity, create dictionaries based on existing ones and export them in various formats.
Multitran
Elsevier (Version 2002)
The forums of the City of Translators and the Lingvo Association of Lexicographers discuss the question of which dictionary is better - there is no definite answer (www.trworkshop.ru and www.lingvoda.ru).
Links to bilingual and multilingual dictionaries can be found on the Internet at the following sites: www.glossarist.com, www.lexicon.ch, www.yourdictionary.com, www.1000dictionaries.com, www.accurapid.com, www.littera.ru.
In scientific and applied understanding, the use of dictionaries is not an absolute delight for all scientists. So, BN Klimzo believes that they wean the translator from thinking.
www.americana.ru - Americana English-Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary
www.anylexic.com - AnyLexic, Version2
www.babylon.com - Babylon
www. allwords.com - Context
www.pngis.net/dictionary - English-Italian-Russian on-line dictionary on oil and gas
www.lingvo.ru - Lingvo ABBYY
www.panvasoft.com/eng/10796 - WinLexic Microsoft Glossaries 2005
www.un-intepreters.org/glossaries.html
www.multilex.ru/online.html
www.rambler.ru/dict/enru/ - New Comprehensive English-Russian Dictionary
www. rambler.ru/dict/ruen -Russian-English dictionary A.I.Smirnitsky
www.multilingual.ch - T. Harvey Ciampi website
The largest virtual library in the world is the National Congress Digital Library.
Library XServer.ru - free electronic online library
& Concordance - a list of contexts where the desired unit is presented in its lexical environment and is characterized by a set of statistical data.
In the simplest case, it is an alphabetical list of words in the text with the contexts in which they occurred.
Download free work you can follow the short link. Check out the content below.
Introduction 5
1. Actual problems of translation 7
1.1 Concept of translation, approaches to text translation 7
1.2 Types of transfers 12
2. Methods and tools used by translators 23
2.1 Common Methods for Translation 23
2.2 Tools used for translation 28
2.3 The specifics of working with a foreign language text - “false friends 32
translator "32
Conclusion 39
List of sources used 41
Translation at the moment is the most necessary thing that is in demand in virtually all spheres of communication and interaction of people: news, politics, economics, culture, etc. and, of course, speaking about translation activities, it is just as important to understand that there can be a lot of approaches and types of translation, as well as a text.
Text is a special system of symbols and signs created by man, and, therefore, is subjective in nature. Especially important is the issue of creating texts under the influence of various external circumstances, which in our time is not something very unknown. But this approach greatly complicates the work of translators. Since the text can include various kinds of difficult-to-translate words, such as neologisms, jargon, slang forms, abbreviations, etc.
Today, only a few people cannot say about themselves that they do not know a second language; even at school, everyone learned either English or German, sometimes French and Italian. In fact, it turns out that society was in a state of massive demand for knowledge of other languages - although in fact this is not the case. And many have never been lucky enough to visit abroad or apply their knowledge in practice.
But, such a policy led to the phenomenon of the so-called "translation explosion", when people began to work with original texts for themselves - just to read, and then to get information from the original source, and then to broaden their horizons. So the number of people who know 2 or more languages grew, and the need for translation has retained its position.
Thus, the topic “Features of written translation. Information resources in the work of a translator ”is quite relevant. First of all, this is due to the fact that today people live in conditions of constant interaction with foreign language elements and the result of such interaction was the formation of various types of translation and methods for its implementation.
The subject of the research is the peculiarities of written translation.
Object - written translation
The purpose of this study is to describe the resources used in translation.
Tasks:
to define the concept of translation and approaches to the translation of a text;
describe the types of transfers;
to characterize the differences between written translation and oral translation;
consider common methods for translation;
list the tools and resources needed for translation.
For the preparation of the work, publications, educational materials and Internet resources were used.
Summing up the work done, we can conclude the following:
It should be noted that preparing for the translation of a particular text, the translator must be ready to face a number of difficulties. In particular, with the lack of analogues in the native language, since the language may include not only outdated, but also foreign words that may not do a good job to the translator, the so-called "false friends", which at first glance are understandable, but the other side have a completely different basis - different from the implied one. And, therefore, the quality of the translation will depend on the experience and qualifications of the translator. And of course, it is important to take into account the fact that the significance of translation today lies primarily in the fact that almost all people on the planet today need constant updating of information, and from this follows a significant interest of all countries in the development of translation activities;
translation is a social phenomenon that was formed in the process of development of the society itself and as a result, today it is an integral part of the life of society. There are 2 main types of translation - written and oral translation. Each of them has its own branches and types of work with text typical only for this type. But be that as it may, these types can also include the literary type of translation. yes, on the one hand, it will refer to translation, but also interpretation can be performed in an artistic style or over a work of art. But on the other hand, it should be noted that translation has more positive sides, which is expressed in a wide range of methods and tools used by translators;
all possible methods and methods will be reduced to making the translation as accessible as possible for the translator, and, therefore, it will be natural to look for analogs in the translator's native language or try to convey the semantic load. And as it was shown on the example of a literary text, it is precisely this approach that is most acceptable in working with proper names, since only when similar options accurate delivery of the meaning to the reader is possible. In addition, having considered the methods and approaches to the translation of proper names, we can assume the following: translation, transcription and tracing do not always save the translator;
despite the fact that today translators can trace the ability to use a large number of techniques, methods, principles and tools to work with text, the choice in one way or another will remain with the translator himself - this is his personal decision and, as a result, a personal path to improvement professionalism;
There are quite a few specific features of the translation of scientific texts from English into Russian, but the main difficulty and specifics of working with a foreign scientific text is that many words in a foreign language are either consonant in pronunciation with their native language, or are similar to those words that everyone knows and the result is an incorrect translation, as the translator may decide that the word is easily translated and will translate it incorrectly. Similar situations lead to serious violations of translation rules, lack of coherence of the text and other problems associated with the work on a scientific text. Even prominent specialists cannot avoid problems, but it is possible to minimize them, subject to accurate and literal translation.
BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Graduation work on
"Fundamentals of Information Technology"
Minsk - 2010
CONTENTS 2SPISOK SYMBOLS 3REFERAT ON "THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSLATION ACTIVITY" 4VVEDENIE 4GLAVA 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 6GLAVA 2 METHODOLOGY RESEARCH 7GLAVA 3 MAIN RESULTS 8 3.1 Translation Stages and editing 9GLAVA 4 DISCUSSION 14ZAKLYUCHENIE 15SPISOK Literature Essay 17PREDMETNY INDEX to abstracts 18INTERNET RESOURCES SUBJECT RESEARCH AREA 19 ACTIVE PERSONAL SITE 21 GRAPH OF SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS 22 QUESTIONS ON THE BASIS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 23 REFERENCES FOR THE GRADUATE PAPER 24 APPENDIX A 26 Presentation 26 Master's thesisLIST OF SYMBOLS
IT - information technology
ICT - information and communication technologies
PD - translation activity
Software - software
TM - Translation Memory
DB - databases
MT - machine translation
ABSTRACT ON THE TOPIC "USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSLATION ACTIVITIES"
INTRODUCTION
To translate a work from one language to another is like taking off the skin from it, transferring it across the border and dressing up there in a national costume. (Karl Kraus, Austrian writer)This work is devoted to the study of the use of information technology in translation activities.
At the present stage of translation activity, the problem of using innovative technologies is of particular importance. These include, for the most part, information and communication technologies.
Over the past ten to fifteen years, the nature of the translator's work and the requirements for him have changed significantly. First of all, the changes concerned the written translation of scientific, technical, official and business documentation. Today, as a rule, it is no longer enough to simply translate text using a computer like a typewriter. The client expects from the translator that the design of the finished document will correspond to the appearance of the original as closely as possible, and at the same time meet the standards adopted in the given country. The translator is also required to be able to effectively use previously completed orders on the same topic, and the employer, in turn, expects significant savings in time and money when translating repetitive or similar text fragments. These conditions can be met only if the translator is not only fluent in his native and foreign languages and has deeply studied the chosen subject area, but is also confidently oriented in modern computer technologies.
Thus, IT has spawned a new culture of transferring information in electronic form with a simultaneous significant increase in its volume. Under the influence of this, as well as with the expansion of international cooperation, the number of informative (non-fiction) translations in the field of science, technology, economics, jurisprudence, etc. has significantly increased. The very nature of the translation process has also changed, and the need arose to improve the efficiency of PD through the use of modern computer technologies. From the above, we can conclude about the undoubted relevance of this topic.
The purpose of the study is to study the possibilities of optimizing the translation process by means of ICT.
Achieving this goal involves solving the following specific tasks:
Develop a universal model of the translation cycle using IT, describing the sequence of actions required for the qualified execution and subsequent support of a translation order.
Analyze the peculiarities of using IT in "translation activities";
Analyze the effectiveness of using IT in translation activities and determine whether computer translation is capable of replacing traditional translation;
On the basis of the results obtained, give a prognostic assessment of the prospects for the development of IT in translation activities.
Research object are the stages of PD, in particular, the stage of translation and editing itself.
Subject the research advocates the effectiveness of the use of IT in PD, in particular machine translation for translation.
Scientific novelty the research is to try to establish the significance of using IT in modern translation activities, to determine the degree of IT influence on the quality of translation, to develop a universal model of the cycle of work on translation using IT.
Practical value is to optimize the translation process by means of ICT and in the results of the effectiveness of one or another software in PD, which can be used when writing a master's thesis and in subsequent translation activities.
Reasonableness and reliability the results obtained are ensured by their consistency with the fundamental provisions of didactics and methods of translation activity; the logical structure of the study; the choice of research methods adequate to the purpose and objectives of the work; practical testing; implementation of research results into translation practice.
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Today scientific and periodicals remain one of the most important sources of information. Analysis of the scientific works of V.S. Slepovich, N.G. Shakhova, N.G. Komleva, V.N. Komissarov, devoted to the process of preparing future translators, as well as the didactic prerequisites for the use of information technologies in translation activities, identified in theoretical studies by O.A. Artemenko, I.K. Belskoy, L.N. Belyaeva, V.N. Grabovsky, A.V. Evdokimova, V.N. Zakharova, D. Kravchenko, O. A. Levkovich, Yu.N. Marchuk, L.L. Nelyubina et al., Made it possible to conclude that the most important factor in increasing the effectiveness of the formation of translation competence is the competent, psychologically and pedagogically grounded use of ICT.
Materials (edit) Internet sources are unique information, since it is in the "World Wide Web" that the whole range of points of view and approaches to the problem of using IT in translation activity in all its manifestations is presented. The study included such Internet sources as:, etc.
In the 21st century, projects to create information systems and technologies are one of the priority and most promising areas in the development of humanitarian knowledge and philological disciplines in particular. This can be clearly seen from the number of supported translation database projects. Let's list the most popular projects for creating electronic dictionaries of various types, translation databases, electronic translators, which we relied on when writing this work:,.
A special group of sources is represented by Internet forums for translators, as well as blogs (interactive diaries), in which direct translators-practitioners share their experience and knowledge that are directly related to the topic under study. For example, .
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodological foundation of this study is the traditional and generally recognized methods and principles. The fundamental role belongs to principle of scientific objectivity, since objectivism is an integral characteristic of any scientific research.
The purpose and objectives of the study predetermined the use of the following set of research methods, mutually checking and complementing each other:
- General scientific complex, including such research methods as induction, deduction, synthesis, analogy, theoretical generalization, etc., aimed at obtaining detailed information about the subject of research and based on understanding, explanation and interpretation of empirical data, was used to collect information;
- Special complex, in particular theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological sources - for collecting information, technical method - for using the appropriate software in the course of work, as well as modeling techniques and comparative statistical analysis- for systematization, grouping and classification of material in accordance with the purpose of the study, was used to write both practical and theoretical parts of this work. The analysis of the effectiveness of the use of IT in PD was carried out using experimental method, also part of this complex.
CHAPTER 3 MAIN RESULTS
In view of the ever-increasing requirements for the quality of translation, the requirements for minimizing money and time costs for translation at each stage, modern translators use the appropriate software (software), which simplifies the work and improves the quality of the finished documentation. However, the use of this or that type of software in translation is purely individual and depends on the level of the translator's IT skills and the degree of his familiarity with computer technologies.
Let us give in the form of a table the stages of PD, the type of software required to perform a particular stage of the PD, and examples of the most common programs corresponding to each type of software.
Table 3.1 - Translation cycle and software used
| Stage | Software type | Sample programs |
| Receiving the original document from the customer | Email, ftp client, fax | The bat!, CuteFTP Pro, VentaFax |
| Preparing the source text for translation | Optical recognition programs | ABBYY FineReader |
| Written translation | Terminology database, TM programs | Promt, Retrans Vista, Trados MultiTerm, Trados Workbench, Trados TagEditor |
| Editing | Electronic dictionaries | ABBYY Lingvo 12 |
| Layout | Layout programs | Quark xPress and others. |
| Quality control and updating the database of completed translations and terminology | TM Programs | Trados MultiTerm, Trados Workbench |
| Sending the translated document to the customer, receiving and recording comments | Email, ftp client, TM programs | The Bat !, CuteFTP Pro, Trados Workbench |
| Archiving translation and glossary | Archivers | WinZip, WinRar |
| Payment for the order | Accounting software | ProVision BusinessPack |
output: today there is the appropriate software for all stages of the PD, which greatly facilitates the translation process.
3.1 Translation and editing steps
Hugo, Victor - the author of the famous novel “Notre Dame de Paris”, published in Russian under the title “Our Ladies from Paris”. (Arkady Averchenko, satirist)The most important stage for a translator is the translation process itself, since the entire PD result depends on how well it is done. Machine translation programs are used quite actively at this stage.
The machine translation system includes bilingual dictionaries equipped with the necessary grammatical information (morphological, syntactic and semantic) to ensure the transfer of equivalent, variant and transformational translational correspondences, as well as algorithmic grammatical analysis tools that implement any of the formal grammars adopted for automatic text processing. ...
The most common is the following sequence of formal operations that provide analysis and synthesis in a machine translation system:
At the first stage, the text is entered and the input word forms (words in a specific grammatical form, for example, the dative plural) are searched in the input dictionary (the dictionary of the language from which the translation is made) with accompanying morphological analysis, during which the belonging of the given word form to a certain lexeme is established (word as a unit of the dictionary). In the process of analysis, information related to other levels of organization of the linguistic system can also be obtained from the form of a word.
The next stage includes the translation of idiomatic phrases, phraseological unities or stamps of a given subject area (for example, in English-Russian translation, phrases like in case of, in accordance with receive a single digital equivalent and are excluded from further grammatical analysis); determination of the main grammatical (morphological, syntactic, semantic and lexical) characteristics of the elements of the input text (for example, the number of nouns, verb tense, syntactic functions of word forms in this text, etc.), produced within the framework of the input language; resolution of homography (conversion homonymy of word forms - for example, English round can be a noun, adjective, adverb, verb or preposition); lexical analysis and translation of lexemes. Usually, at this stage, unambiguous words are separated from polysemantic ones (having more than one translation equivalent in the target language), after which the unambiguous words are translated according to lists of equivalents, and so-called contextological dictionaries are used to translate polysemantic words, the dictionary entries of which are algorithms for requesting the context on presence / absence of contextual determinants of the value.
The final grammatical analysis, during which the necessary grammatical information is determined, taking into account the data of the target language (for example, with Russian nouns such as sleigh, scissors, the verb must be in the plural form, moreover, the original may have a singular).
Synthesis of output word forms and sentences as a whole in the output language.
Depending on the features of the morphology, syntax and semantics of a particular language pair, as well as the direction of translation, the general translation algorithm may include other stages, as well as modifications of the named stages or their order, but variations of this kind in modern systems are usually negligible. Analysis and synthesis can be performed both in phrases and for the entire text entered into the computer's memory; in the latter case, the translation algorithm provides for the definition of so-called anaphoric connections (such is, for example, the connection of a pronoun with the noun it replaces - say, a pronoun with it with the word of a pronoun in this very explanation in parentheses).
In such systems of automated and machine translation as Trados, Promt (), Retrans Vista (), the Translation Memory method is widely used, and the translator can save edited translation samples, which the machine will automatically substitute in the future.
From our point of view, Translation Memory technology is key for the translation of technical documents. The advantages are the saving of translation and editing results in the database, the possibility of "fuzzy" search. The disadvantages include: in the presence of a small number of matches with analogs in the database, the share of manual translation is high, the need for the initial creation of the database. This means that Translation Memory technology is a highly effective toolkit for translating repetitive texts, translating standard documents similar in their subject matter and structure, for example, contracts, instructions, articles, software descriptions, laws, and any other documents containing repetitive fragments. Literary translation remains uncovered.
Since the Trados package remains the most popular among TM programs, the central place for a practical translator in PD is the mastering of various components of this package intended for creating a translation database, glossaries, for translating html files, etc. The advantages of this technology on the example of the Trados program are search and unification of terminology, the ability to work with a large number of various file formats, encodings, support both file-based and server-based memory, work with one command on the LAN and even via Inet, exchange databases translations, etc.
Machine translation systems, for example the Promt program, on the contrary, are inferior in the quality of the performed translation not only of literary texts, but also of standard documents. As a rule, translators do not recommend them for professional translation work. For example:
Original text in German
Unter der Bezeichnung „ Name" kann man Verschiedenes verstehen. "Name ist Schall und Rauch", antwortet Faust auf die berühmte Gretchenfrage und betont demgegenüber: "Gefühl ist alles." Eine Sache "nur dem Namen nach" kennen heißt, sie äußerlich, ober-flächlich kennen; wer eine Funktion "nur dem Namen nach" aus¬übt, tut dies nur nach außen hin, scheinbar. Wenn wir hingegen jemanden auffordern, "das Kind beim rechten Namen zu nennen", dann wünschen wir gerade die tieferen Zusammenhänge, die volle Wahrheit zu erfahren. Der Name ist auch "ein Stück des Seins und der MAN Seele").
Translation made with the Promt program
The name "Name" can be understood in various ways. "The name is sound and smoke", Faust replies to the famous basic question and is emphasized in opposition to this: "Feeling is everything." The thing "only by name" tells you to know, they know outwardly, superficially; who does the function "only by name" ausübt, it is only outward, apparently. If we ask, on the contrary, someone “to call the child with the right name”, then we want just a deeper relationship to learn the full truth. The name is also “a piece of being and soul” (TH. MAN).
Translation by a practicing translator 1
The concept of "Name" has many interpretations. "The name is empty words" - Faust answers to Margarita's question and emphasizes, in contrast to what was said: "Feeling is everything." To know something "by name alone" means to know it only superficially; whoever in his actions is guided "only by the name", he does it for show, for show. And when we call on someone to “call a spade a spade,” we want to get to the very essence, to establish the truth. The name is also “a part of being and soul” (T. Mann).
However, Retrans Vista has an additional advantage in comparison with Promt, which consists in using the method of "semantic-syntactic, predominantly phraseological" translation, proposed back in 1975 by academician GG Belonogov. Professional translators can take advantage of the interactive translation function, when the text is translated by sentences and given several options in a foreign language.
Based on the analysis of the software used at the stage of translation, we can conclude that at the moment at the stage of translation, not a single computer program, no matter how perfect it is, can foresee all the variety of translation options, and even more so, convey an associative range of text that a professional translator intuitively feels.
A person, constantly being in communication with other people, accumulates such linguistic baggage that a computer cannot have. This is especially true for various subtleties, such as, for example, idiomatic expressions, the use of words in a figurative sense, etc. Of course, you shouldn't completely reject machine translation. It can be used to translate documents that contain many stable phrases (for example, legal texts). However, in this case, too, it can be considered only as an auxiliary tool, since the translated text in any case will require substantial revisions. Since a language is a living and constantly evolving organism, and not some system that has stopped in its development, it is practically impossible today to fully analyze it and create an accurate and complete model using mathematical methods. Therefore, despite the fact that automated and machine translation systems are constantly being improved, creating such an automated translator that could compete on equal terms with humans, according to most researchers, is not possible or seems possible with the creation of artificial intelligence.
At the stage of editing a written translation, electronic dictionaries are usually used, for example, Lingvo. Version 12 of ABBYY Lingvo includes 128 dictionaries in ten languages - a total of 7.5 million entries. Compared to Lingvo 11, 19 new dictionaries have been added, and old dictionaries have been revised to reflect modern vocabulary. Subject dictionaries included in the 12th version of ABBYY Lingvo simplify translation on the most popular topics. The following areas are covered: economics, marketing, law, programming, oil and gas and engineering industries and much more.
Based on the study, the following was made output: The existing software for machine translation should be improved, and electronic dictionaries are now simple and convenient for finding lexical matches and editing the translation.
CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The latest software makes it possible to radically facilitate the process of a modern translator's work.
Based on the examples given in the previous chapter, we can conclude that the use of automated machine translation systems is not the final stage of PD for a translator. For example, the main disadvantage of using a machine translation program is the need to correct the translation using specialized dictionaries. The advantage is the high speed of translation - one program translates the same volume of text as 20-40 translators, there is no need to re-translate repetitive texts every time for high-quality translation of standard documents. At this stage, it is preferable to use the Trados package, despite the fact that in the presence of a small number of matches with analogs in the database, the share of manual translation is high and the fact that it is initially necessary to create a database, which is time-consuming.
For a high-quality translation using software, the translator at this stage needs software with a large database of analogs, the ability to recognize realities that have no equivalents in the TL, for example, stable turns, as well as with written grammar rules in the form of algorithms. Only in this case will computer translation be able to reach the level at which it can replace the traditional one.
Of course, the analysis of the options received remains with the translator himself, artificial intelligence has not yet been created, and only a person can still comprehend translations.
Accordingly, from all of the above, you can make output that at the stage of written translation a translator needs a new technology that is devoid of the aforementioned disadvantages of machine translation - a unique product that combines the speed and convenience of machine translation, the potential of Translation Memory technology and artificial intelligence.
CONCLUSION
In the course of this work, a study was carried out on the effectiveness of using ICT in translation activities.
Today, the informatization of PD - the use of electronic technologies in the practice of translators - is not only a requirement of the time, but also a good opportunity to optimize the translation process by means of ICT.
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The use of IT in translation activities implies the presence of professional-basic (linguistic, intercultural, transformational, informational and special) competencies of a translator, the possession of which makes it possible to successfully carry out this type of activity.
The effective implementation of written translations using IT is possible only with a high level of information competence based on the possession of modern information and reference and terminological search tools (electronic dictionaries and databases, corpus of foreign language vocabulary, Internet resources), on the context and situation-oriented use systems of automated and machine translation, possession of technologies for remote interaction via the Internet.
Comparison of the capabilities of the latest versions of specialized software and Internet resources for enhancing translation activities with earlier versions, as well as methods of performing translations without the use of ICT show that at the moment the work of a translator has been significantly facilitated thanks to the use of IT, and that additional ones will be developed in the future. functionality Software that will change the PD process even more significantly. However, when the final product will appear that combines the speed and convenience of machine translation, the potential of Translation Memory technology and artificial intelligence to replace a human translator, remains unknown.
Also, in the course of this work, a universal model of the cycle of work on translation using IT was developed, describing the sequence of actions necessary for the qualified execution and subsequent support of an order for written translation using the appropriate software. It allows you to visualize the entire PD process and the degree of its optimization through ICT.
REFERENCES TO ABSTRACT
Grabovsky, V.N. Translation Memory Technology / V.N.Grabovsky // Bridges. - 2004. - No. 2. - S. 57-62.
Nelyubin, L.L. Computer linguistics and machine translation / L.L. Nelyubin. - M .: publishing house, 1991 .-- 89 p.
Shakhova, N.G. What can machine translation programs do? / N.G. Shakhova // Bridges. - 2004. - No. 4. - S. 53-57.
SUBJECT INDEX TO ABSTRACT
Lingvo 8, 12 Promt 8, 10, 11, 12, 14 Trados 8, 10, 11, 14 Translation Memory 3, 10, 14, 15, 17, 24 DB 8, 10, 11, 14 ICT 3, 5, 6, 15, 16 IT 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15 machine translation 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25 PD 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 , 9, 11, 14, 15, 16 translation 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24 PO 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 , 16, 23INTERNET RESOURCES IN THE SUBJECT AREA OF RESEARCH
http: // / The site contains useful information on the most important translation resources. The numerous sections of the site contain about 200 articles written specifically for this site and covering a variety of aspects of translation activities. Site language: Russian.
/ The site is a journal on linguistics. Find the latest linguistic news, reference materials, and scientific insights here. The section "Reading Room" provides a wide selection of books on various branches of linguistics. Site language: Russian.
/ This site, unusual in design, is a "City of Translators" - an Internet resource where professional translators exchange knowledge and experience. The site contains translation news, competitions, a forum on translation topics, personalities of famous translators. Site language: Russian.
/ The site is a portal of translators, which was created in order to unite translators and everyone who is interested in foreign languages and the art of translation. The idea of the site is to become a convenient place for communication and exchange of experience, a source of information and a useful resource where you can find the necessary literature on translation, links to useful sites, to electronic dictionaries and translators, and read publications on the theory and practice of translation. Site language: Russian.
/ The site is a multilingual portal of Ilya Frank and contains books in different languages, adapted according to Ilya Frank's reading method (i.e., adapted without changing the original text, using a Russian literal translation and lexical commentary inserted into the text). There are about 170 such books on the site, in 20 languages. Site language: Russian.
/ The site is a community of translators who share linguistic knowledge with each other and help each other with solving translation difficulties. Site language: English.
/ The site of the Association of Lexicographers promotes open lexicographic standards for the creation of electronic dictionaries and the accumulation on this site of up-to-date high-quality dictionary resources created in these standards for their wide use by translators. Site language: Russian.
/ The site is free service electronic translation, as well as a community of translators from all over the world. All completed translations are evaluated by administrators and experts. Site language: options.
/ Linguistics.ru - a resource created for students of various linguistic disciplines. The information presented on the site is primarily for reference purposes. The site contains books by both modern linguists and linguists of the previous centuries, as well as monographs, articles, teaching aids. Site language: Russian.
/ The site is an electronic journal on philological sciences. Here you can find the necessary books on a particular area of philology, it also covers a fairly large circle of literary criticism. Site language: Russian.
OPERATING PERSONAL SITE
COUNT OF SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS
Master's students Lazarevich E.M., Faculty of Humanities
Specialty 10.02.04 - Germanic languages
| 02/10/04 - Germanic languages |
| Regularities of the social functioning of Germanic languages in different eras, the formation and creation of national norms of Germanic literary languages, issues of the correlation of literary languages with dialects. Contacts of Germanic languages among themselves and with other languages in different historical periods. History of linguistic doctrines in Germanic studies and their current state. The development of methods of linguistic analysis based on the material of various linguistic subsystems is carried out. |
Related specialties
QUESTIONS ABOUT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
General course question
Questiononspecialties
REFERENCES FOR THE GRADUATE WORK
Artemenko, O. A. Formation of translation competence in the field of professional communication among students of non-linguistic specialties using information and communication technologies: dissertation ... of a candidate of pedagogical sciences: 13.00.08 / A. O. Aleksandrovna; Kaluga. state ped. un-t them. K.E. Tsiolkovsky. - Kaluga, 2009 .-- 201 p.
Belskaya, I.K. Human language and machine / I.K. Belskaya. - M .: Eksmo, 1969 .-- 135 p.
Belyaeva, L.N., Otkupschikova M.I. Automatic (machine) translation / L.N. Belyaeva, M.I. Otkupshchikova. - SPb: Applied Linguistics, 1996. - 334 p.
Grabovsky, V.N. Translation Memory Technology / V.N.Grabovsky // Bridges. - 2004. - No. 2. - S. 57-62.
Zakharov, V. N. Philology in information projects of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation / V. N. Zakharov // Abstracts of reports presented at the scientific conference "Modern information technologies and philology" [Electronic resource]. - 2010. - Access mode: /nauka/conference/2005/inf_fil/zaharov.php. - Date of access: 05.12.2010.
Evdokimov, A. V. The latest IT technologies in literary work / A. V. Evdokimov // Abstracts of reports presented at the scientific conference "Modern information technologies and philology" [Electronic resource]. - 2010. - Access mode: /nauka/conference/2005/inf_fil/evdokimov.php. - Date of access: 05.12.2010.
Kravchenko, D. Google learns Russian / D. Kravchenko // IT-company NetPromoter [Electron. resource]. - 2006.- Access mode: /articles/seo_21.htm - Access date: 26.09.2010
Komlev, N.G. Dictionary of foreign words / N.G. Komlev. - M .: Eksmo, 2000 .-- 669 p.
Levkovich, O.A. Fundamentals of computer literacy: textbook. Manual / O.A. Levkovich, E.S. Shelkoplyasova, T.N. Shelkoplyasova. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2006 .-- 528s.
Marchuk, Yu.N. Machine translation problems / Yu.N. Marchuk. - M .: publishing house, 1983 .-- 140 p.
Nelyubin, L.L. Computer linguistics and machine translation / L.L. Nelyubin. - M .: publishing house, 1991. - P. 89.
Rozhdestvensky, Yu.V. Philosophy of language. Cultural studies and didactics / Yu.V. Christmas. - M .: Grant, 2003 - S. 57.
Slepovich, V.S. Translator's Handbook / V.S. Slepovich. - 2nd ed. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2006 .-- 301 p.
Suslova, N.V. The newest literary dictionary-reference book / N.V. Suslova, T.N. Usoltseva. - Mozyr: White Wind, 2003.-152 p.
Shakhova, N.G. What can machine translation programs do? / N.G. Shakhova // Bridges. - 2004. - No. 4. - S. 53-57.
APPENDIX A
Master's thesis presentation
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Introduction
The translator's activity has always been to work with textual information. Now all spheres of human activity are inextricably linked with information technology, so it is difficult to imagine the translation process without the main translator's tool - a computer. Screen culture has replaced the culture of printed text, the functions and essence of translation have changed, information itself has begun to be generated, transmitted and perceived directly through a computer.
Possession of modern computer programs aimed at optimizing the activities of the translator, the readiness and ability to master these software products in order to increase the attractiveness for the employer and reduce the costs of the "production process" of translation - these are the main requirements of the market today. If a translator is confidently familiar with modern computer technologies, then the ability to effectively use previously completed orders helps both him and the employer expect significant savings in time and money when translating repetitive or similar text fragments.
Modern computer technologies help in solving the following translation tasks:
- communication with the customer and obtaining the source text;
- perception of electronic foreign language text;
- information and reference search on the subject of a foreign language text;
- translation analysis of a foreign language scientific and technical text;
- creation of annotated lists of information resources;
- selection of translation correspondences and equivalents;
- creation of the translation text;
- creating translator notes;
- creation of an electronic information and reference base of the translator,
- editing, proofreading and layout of the completed translation of a foreign language text in accordance with the customer's requirements;
- assessment of the quality of the completed translation of a foreign language scientific and technical text;
- delivery of the completed translation of a foreign language scientific and technical text to the customer.
In this regard, the purpose of our manual is to help in acquiring fundamental knowledge, abilities, and skills in the field of computer translation from a foreign language into Russian and from Russian into a foreign language.
The book consists of 10 sections containing information about the electronic tools of the translator: knowledge of the principles of work, the advantages and disadvantages of electronic dictionaries, automatic and automated translation systems contributes to the development of the information technology competence of the translator, which is important for navigating in open and closed (proprietary) software and file formats; basic principles of computer text design. Books and articles by A. Solovieva, A.B. Kutuzova, A.L. Semyonova, G.V. Kuryachi and K.A. Maslinsky, K.T. Volchenkova, M. Ivanov and many others (see. List of sources used).
1Computer technology concept
At the present stage of development of society, all spheres of human activity are inextricably linked with information technology (English Information Technology, IT). According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information Technology- is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods of effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computing technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as related social, economic and cultural problems.
The modern economic dictionary defines information technology as the processes of accumulation, storage, transmission, processing, control of information, based on the use of computer technology, communications and the latest technologies transformation of information.
In the environment of specialists, information technology is understood as a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to technologies for managing and processing data, including using computer technology.
Recently, however, information technology is most often understood as computer technology. In particular, information technology deals with the use of computers and software for storing, transforming, protecting, processing, transmitting and receiving information. If we are talking about information technology in such a simplified sense, it is also necessary to separately mention communication technologies, since often the computer is not connected to the local and global network. One way or another, regardless of the method or fact of connecting a computer to a LAN (local area network), the modern spread of computers has forever changed society, making it qualitatively different, informational. Let us explain such terms as “information society” and “informatization of society”.
Information society Is a society in which socio-economic development depends primarily on the production, processing, storage, and dissemination of information among members of society.
By European standards, a society can be called an information society if more than 50% of the population is employed in the field of information services. Accordingly, Russia is only taking the first steps in this direction.
The information society differs from the previous ones in that the main factor in it is not material, but ideal factors - knowledge and information.
The term "information society" owes its name to the professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology Yujiro Hayashi, whose term was used in the works of Fritz Machlup (1962) and T. Umesao (1963) that appeared almost simultaneously in Japan and the USA. In 1969, the Japanese Information Society: Topics and Approaches and Outlines of a Policy to Promote the Informatization of Japanese Society were presented to the Japanese government and, in 1971, the Information Society Plan was presented.
Informatization of society is not so much a technological process as a social and even cultural process associated with significant changes in the lifestyle of the population. Such processes require serious efforts not only by the authorities, but also by the entire community of users of information and communication technologies in many areas, including the elimination of computer illiteracy, the formation of a culture of using new information technologies, etc.
The term "informatization" itself has found widespread use only in Russia and China. This was due, firstly, to the insufficient development of a glossary on the topic “information technologies” and “information society” in the 80-90s of the XX century, and secondly, with some specific features of the development of information and communication technologies in these countries. They were characterized by a high level of development of applied and specialized hardware and software systems and an extremely weak telecommunications infrastructure, which became a brake on the harmonious development of the information society.
The goal of informatization is the transformation of the driving forces of society, which should be redirected to the production of services, the formation of the production of an informational rather than a material product. In the course of informatization, the tasks of changing approaches to production are being solved, the way of life and the system of values are being modernized. Free time is of particular value, intelligence and knowledge are reproduced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. Citizens of the information society are required to be creative, and the demand for knowledge is increasing. The material and technological base of society is changing; various kinds of control and analytical information systems, created on the basis of computer technology and computer networks, information technology, and telecommunications, are beginning to play a key role. As we have already noted above, the process of development of the information society begins with its computerization.
Computerization is the process of introducing computers that provide automation of information processes and technologies in various spheres of human activity. The goal of computerization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions. Along with computerization, there is a more specific concept of home computerization. Home computerization is the process of equipping households with computer devices. In Russia, home computerization is an element of the state policy of informatization, focused on meeting the needs of the population for information and knowledge directly at home.
You can satisfy your needs thanks to special search engines.
Information retrieval system is a system that performs the following functions:
- storage of large amounts of information;
- quick search for the required information;
- adding, deleting and changing the stored information;
- information output in a human-friendly form.
Distinguish:
- automated (English computerised);
- bibliographic (eng. Reference);
- dialogue (eng. Online);
- documentary and factual information retrieval systems.
V information society there is a merger of information groups into one community using a network, i.e. society becomes networked.
A network society is a society in which a significant part of information interactions is carried out using information networks... Moreover, the composition of this society is constantly replenished with new users.
The main factor that increases the number of users is, of course, the information needs of the population of the entire planet.
Information need is a need that arises when the goal facing the user in the course of his professional activity or in his social practice cannot be achieved without attracting additional information, which in this context is the World Wide Web. . World Wide Web, WWW, Web) - the main service on the Internet, allowing you to access information on any servers connected to the network. The World Wide Web is organized on the principles of hypermedia (English Hypermedia) - a technology for presenting information in the form of relatively small blocks associated with each other. Of course, the World Wide Web allows you to access any information on any servers connected to the network.
2Information technology competence as a component of the professional competence of a translator
In modern society, in order to ensure the competitiveness of Russian translators, the latter must have the skills and means that are the standard abroad. So, the implementation of the process of interlanguage and intercultural communication requires a specialist to apply certain knowledge and skills in the field of information and communication technologies, the main of which today are:
- electronic document management;
- work with software packages;
- obtaining operational information;
- communication with remote partners;
- making competence-based decisions;
- data entry and systematization.
Therefore, according to V.V. Ilchenko and E.V. Karpenko, for professional training, a future translator simply needs to study information resources and technologies, software and network tools suitable for carrying out translation activities using a computer, in order to form the information and technological competence of a translator.
Taking into account the new conditions of the translator's activity, A.A. Rybakova says that the professional competence of a translator (see Figure 1) is an integral set of bilingual, cultural-cognitive, professional-subject, translation and information technology competence itself, which is a complex complex of knowledge, skills, abilities, psychological properties and qualities personality (abilities), potentially necessary for the implementation of professional translation activities, manifested in it in the form of one or another degree of their actualization (professional competence).
Figure 1 - Information technology competence
Consequently, the information technology competence of a translator is an integral part of his professional competence and is characterized by the following provisions, which were identified in his research by V.V. Ilchenko and E.V. Karpenko:
- goal-setting in the process of solving a professional problem using the latest information technologies, a clear and clear statement and formulation of the goal of this activity, planning a strategy for information technology activities;
- value attitude to information and information technologies, their choice in accordance with the purpose of the activity, to the results of information technology activities, achieved personally and in society; persistent interest in information technology activities;
- active use of information technology in professional activities;
- value attitude towards oneself as a specialist with a worldview corresponding to the level of development of society, modern knowledge and skills in the field of information technology; understanding the results of their activities, striving for self-improvement and self-development.
3 Electronic workstation of the translator
Over the past 10-15 years, the nature of the translator's work and the requirements for him have changed significantly. First of all, the changes concerned the written translation of scientific, technical, official and business documentation. Today, as a rule, it is no longer enough to simply translate text using a computer like a typewriter. The client expects from the translator that the design of the finished document will correspond to the appearance of the original as closely as possible, and at the same time meet the standards adopted in the given country.
The translation industry of the 21st century places new demands on the translator as translation volumes have grown, deadlines have become tighter, and more and more international teams have to work. The translator has to be a project manager, computer technician, document clerk, publishing specialist, linguist-researcher.
Written translation of technical information has always been in demand. But according to statistics, a translator without the use of computer technology can translate no more than 2000 words a day, which entails a high translation cost. Automation significantly increases the productivity of the translator, allowing you to reduce the price of the final product.
The majority of electronic means are technology of acceleration and creation of alternative versions of the translation text (Internet capabilities); others allow one to authoritatively select among alternatives (translation media and all kinds of dictionaries). Translators create and select among alternative options, and various new technologies do not cancel these tasks, they only expand the range of possibilities, allowing you to deal with a large piece of reality in less time. The abundance of information in our time makes it easy to create alternative options of the translation text, which implies focusing more attention on the choice of the possible version of the translation text.
It must be remembered that the main task of the translator is to ensure communication between people, and only then - to work with electronic means. A glance at the core element of competence should help to ensure that the objectives are not lost sight of and to find the appropriate place for the element in the system of the translator's competence and the use of information ”.
Information technology competence implies not just a transition to other tools, but a change in the very approach to translation activity as a translation process. Metaphorically, this can be expressed using the evolution of human movement in the terrain. The analogy is simple: first, to increase speed, a person learns to ride, this significantly accelerates the speed of movement, but does not allow transporting large loads, we associate this stage with the process of translation activities before the introduction of the concept of information technology competence, i.e. the presence of dictionaries can significantly simplify and speed up the translation process. The use of various types of electronic dictionaries by the translator, text editors with checking for spelling and lexical errors in the same way as a person uses a transport with a draft principle, i.e. carts, carriages drawn by horses or similar animals. Undoubtedly, such a transition greatly facilitates the translation / movement process itself, but it is possible to speak of a completely qualitative transition only when using cars or trucks or, speaking of translation activities, using shells of electronic dictionaries, grouping them, using translation memory systems.
This comparison is successful because it implies the creation and maintenance of a certain infrastructure: in the case of the analogy, it is the maintenance of a network of highways and gas stations, and in the case of the object of our study, it implies both extensive and intensive development of IT means of translation.
The information technology competence of the translator can be realized in the information environment, which is the so-called "electronic translator's workplace". In this regard, it seems to us justified, first of all, to consider the issue of the so-called "electronic translator's workplace" ("computer translator's workplace", "modern translator's workplace"), which serves as the basis for the implementation of the translator's information technology competence and the basis for its formation in university.
As V. Grabowski notes, the translator's workplace has not essentially changed over the centuries. His tools, both handwritten and typewritten, in terms of their functional purpose, all this time, in fact, remained the same. Both labor intensity and productivity did not fundamentally change.
Before the information age, which is associated with invention personal computer, the Internet, the means of the translator's work were mainly paper and a pen. Of course, paper is understood in a broad sense as a means of manual cataloging, archiving and searching among translator's records, bibliographic references, and terminology base. Other traditional translator resources include printed dictionaries and reference books, as well as reference materials by subject area that needed to be read.
The situation began to change by the mid-80s of the last century - computer equipment was adopted. In 1984, the first commercial use of computer technology was announced in the United States (at Agnew Tech-Tran Inc.). In the early 90s, the computerization of the translator's work began in our country.
At first, as V. Grabowski notes in his historical review, the computer was perceived as a kind of advanced typewriter, very convenient for editing texts. Soon, however, the computer gave a new dimension to the translator's work, manifesting its potential to an ever-increasing degree. It became possible to use not only programs for writing and processing words, but also electronic dictionaries, as well as all kinds of reference books. Work was underway on, relatively speaking, the mechanization and automation of the labor of linguists.
The first category includes software products of TM (Translation Memory) technology, which are large-capacity databases. These databases allow you to save fragments of the original text and the corresponding translation, and not only individual words, but entire phrases. The first programs of this kind were Translator's Workbench (Trados company) and Transit (Star company). They allowed to compare phrases of the translated text with phrases contained in databases and analyze the degree of their similarity in percentage. access to all previous developments. ”Bill Gates's famous expression“ Information at your fingertips ”is very suitable.
Attempts have been made to create programs that can independently translate written texts. In this regard, we can mention the well-known domestic products in our country Stylus (Promt) and Socrat (Arsenal). The scope of these programs has been limited, and in many cases their role is supportive.
Work was also underway to make the translator's old dream come true - to create a fully automated workplace. The most interesting in this regard is the Interlingua technology developed in the early 90s at the Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh), based on the theory of machine intelligence. The essence of this technology is that, based on specially developed algorithms, the program analyzes the meaning of the original text and translates it into the intermediate artificial language Interlingua. After that, the computer can automatically translate the source text into any language provided by the program and having the appropriate algorithms. You can imagine how convenient it would be for equipment manufacturers issuing operating instructions and other technical materials in several languages at once. This technology also provided for the potential for interpretation - with the help of additional human speech recognition programs and speech synthesizers.
Unfortunately, these developments have not yet led to the creation of a product ready for commercial use, primarily due to insufficient power computing facilities and other technical problems. Nevertheless, work in this direction continues.
In the 1990s, translators were able to use such means of communication as fax and e-mail. E-mail is now simply indispensable. A significant step forward was the widespread adoption of scanners that allow you to work with graphics and illustrations, as well as recognize text data and convert it into electronic format. It is difficult to overestimate the importance for translators of such text-creation products as FineReader and CuneiForm. Translating text files is much more convenient than translating paper versions. Programs appear that provide additional convenience and service at work. In this regard, we can mention the Libretto (analysis and annotation of texts), Pathfinder (search for text data on local and network drives), Punto Switcher, etc. The latter is especially convenient, designed to switch the keyboard language.
Punto switcher
The program recognizes the language in which the text is written and automatically switches to it. This is especially important if you are typing without looking at the screen. If you absent-mindedly type zzz in the address bar of your browser, then Punto Switcher will independently convert it to www.
With this free program you can:
1) switch the layout automatically (it recognizes the typed text) and a hot key;
2) change the standard system key combinations to change the layout;
3) correct the layout and case in the selected text and in the text from the clipboard;
4) use the autocorrect function when typing frequently used words.
In addition, the program provides sound signals for working with the keyboard.
Returning to the historical overview of the electronic translator's workplace, we will also mention the rapid progress in the field of electronic media. 5 "floppy disks are a thing of the past. In addition to 3" floppies, MO-disks and all kinds of cartridges, CD-ROMs, including rewritable ones, have appeared and are increasingly being used. Recording equipment has long ceased to be exotic.
It should be noted that over the past ten years, along with the development of software and hardware that are in the arsenal of linguists, the final product of their labor has also changed. There is an opportunity not only to prepare translated and edited text data, but also to create original layouts for subsequent replication. The most common programs in our country for computer layout and creation of original layouts are PageMaker and QuarkXpress, which supplanted the popular Ventura Publisher in the first half of the 90s. Less well known are FrameMaker and Interleaf.
The original layouts included not only the text, but also other components necessary for the printed edition - illustrations, graphics, subject indexes, etc.
This radically changed the nature of the interaction between the translator and the consumer of his product. If earlier the customer received only a semi-finished product - i.e. text data, and he himself had to bring this semi-finished product to the stage of a finished product, but now he receives products ready for further use.
Further, as progress multimedia technologies, it became possible not to be limited to the release of information on paper, but in cooperation with recording studios to prepare CDs and videotapes with educational materials, presentations, etc.
Mention should also be made of the ever-growing role of the Internet translator in the work of the translator. The number of all kinds of reference resources in any field of knowledge is constantly growing. Their importance can hardly be overestimated. It is impossible not to mention the problems for the translator, arising in connection with the work with e-mail and the Web. The main problem is viruses. Antivirus programs, primarily Norton Anti-Virus and Kaspersky Anti-Virus, become an inevitable tool in his workplace.
Having made a short excursion into history, we followed how the translator's workplace and its equipment have changed over the past ten years. Let's move on to a specific consideration of the content of the term "translator's computer workstation".
In the domestic literature, there is practically no concept, and there is no well-established term for designating the composition of hardware and software, as well as electronic resources, as a single complex of support for translation activities. In the English-language literature, such names as Translator "s Workstation (" work station translator "," workstation of the translator ") or Translator" s Workbench ("workstation of the translator").
What is included in the “translator's computer workstation”?
First of all, this is the hardware part of the computer (system unit, monitor, printer, scanner, MFP, etc.). Since the so-called "hardware" part of the translator's workplace is rather the object of a diploma project of any technical specialty, we will not dwell on it in detail, having noticed only on the basis of own experience that today most IT tools depend little on the hardware of the computer and the choice of both the hardware platform and the technical characteristics of the computer can be dictated by subjective preferences, it practically does not affect the performance of a single software and hardware complex.
The electronic workstation of the translator also includes the corresponding software (software), which, together with the hardware, provide him with various possibilities and allow the translator to perform various types of operations necessary for him to perform tasks in the course of his professional activity. In addition, certain resources are required: dictionaries, reference books, corpuses of (parallel) texts. In our opinion, it is the choice and degree of mastery of the program part of the translator's workplace that affects the efficiency of translation activities.
Foreign experts note that it is necessary to separate the concepts of "electronic means" and "electronic resources", despite their closeness and interdependence in the work of a translator in modern conditions. Basically, “tools” are those tools or equipment (eg computer, software) that they need to perform a particular day-to-day work (eg concordance program, spell checker). Resources are no less important (for example, the already mentioned text corpora, dictionaries, glossaries, reference materials).
