The radio station "suitcase-radio" has been produced since 1938 for agents of the Abwehr. The radio station was equipped with an E-75 receiver. TTX radio station: power - 15 W; weight - 10 kg.
The radio station "suitcase-radio" has been produced since 1940 for Abwehr agents and military security. It consisted of three blocks: a receiver, a transmitter and a power supply. A separate antenna was needed for the transmitter and receiver. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 6.5-16 MHz; output power - 40 W; types of modulation - AM.
The "SE-98/3" radio station was produced since 1941 and consisted of an "E-98" receiver, an "S98 / 3" transmitter and an external power supply unit. It was intended for reconnaissance units. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 2.1 - 8.2 MHz; types of modulation - CW; power supply - 3V from dry batteries and 90V from accumulator; kit dimensions - 100x280x385 mm; weight - 4 kg.
The radio station was used by reconnaissance units and operated in the frequency range from 3 to 5.3 MHz.
The radio station has been produced since 1940 and was used by reconnaissance units. Dimensions - 406x292x140 mm.
The radio station was produced since 1942 and was intended to equip reconnaissance units. It consisted of three tin boxes of the same size, which housed a transmitter, a successor, and a power supply. The blocks were connected to each other through special connectors. To conceal the identity of the agent, all markings on the radio station were made on English language... TTX radio stations: frequency range - 3.5 - 6.5 MHz; types of modulation - AM and CW; power - 10 W; food - 6.3V; dimensions - 65x120x140 mm; block weight - 850 g; radio station weight - 3.9 kg.
The portable station has been produced since 1942 by many companies (Lorenz A.G / Horny A.G / Saba.A.G / Staru A.G / Stassfurter A.G) in six modifications (a1, b, b1, c, d, f, h) with different frequency ranges. It was intended to provide communication with units in the battalion network. The radio station had a carbolite or metal case and could be carried in a knapsack backpack. Some modifications had an additional container for accessories. The station was equipped with a whip antenna about 1 m long and could be controlled remotely. TTX station: frequency range - 23 - 160 MHz; operating modes - AM; output power - 0.15 W; communication range - 2 km; power supply - battery 2.4 NC 28; dimensions - 125x330x355 mm; weight with battery - 13 kg.
The station had been manufactured by Stassfurter Rundfunk since 1944 and could operate on the same network as the Torn. Fu.d2 "," Torn. Fu.F "and" 10 W.S.c ". The set of the station included a battery compartment and a flexible antenna 1.6 m long. The station was carried on the shoulder strap, and the battery compartment on the operator's belt. TTX station: frequency range - 32-38 MHz; operating modes - TLF; output power - 0.2 W; communication range - up to 4 km; power supply - battery 1.4V; dimensions - 70x200x130 mm; dimensions of the power supply unit - 110x100x140 mm; weight - 1.6 kg; power supply weight - 1.5 kg.
A series of radio stations of the same type "Torn.Fu.b1" (with a frequency of 3 - 6.6 MHz), "Torn.Fu.c" (1.5 - 2.6 MHz) and "Torn.Fu.f" (3 - 6.6 MHz) has been produced by Lorenz since 1936 in two packages: a radio station and an accessory box. Receiver and transmitter are separate, with independent adjustment, assembled in a common casing. The transmitter could store two preset frequencies. The set of the station included: headphones, telegraph key, microphone, antenna and other accessories. In total, at least 38 thousand stations were released. TTX station: sensitivity - 100 μV; operating modes - TLG and TLF; output power - 0.65 W; communication range - 20 km; power supply - from a 2V38 battery and two 90V batteries; antennas - collapsible whip and 15-meter beam; dimensions - 470x362x215 mm; weight - 20 kg; dimensions of the compartment for accessories - 360x470x215 mm; weight of the compartment with power supplies - 20 kg; calculation - 2 people.
The station was produced by the Telefunken company since 1937 to provide communication between the regiment headquarters and battalions and the battalion with companies. It was carried in two metal packages, one of which contained batteries, an antenna, headphones, spare lamps and a telegraph key. The station could be controlled using a field telephone at a distance of up to 2 km. In total, at least 5 thousand stations were released. TTX radio stations: frequency range 33.8 - 38 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; output power - 0.15 W; communication range - up to 10 km; power supply - from a 2V38 battery and two 90V batteries; dimensions - 338x390x190 mm; weight - 16.8 kg.
The station was produced by the Hersteller company since 1942 and was intended to provide communication between tank destroyers and command tanks equipped with Fu-8 stations. The station was housed in a metal container and carried in a knapsack backpack. A total of 15 thousand stations were released. TTX station: frequency range - 2.5 - 3.5 MHz; operating modes - CW and RT; output power - 1.5 W; communication range up to 30 km; antenna - whip, 1.5 m long; power supply - 2.4 NC 28 type battery; dimensions - 380x320x170 mm; weight - 13.8 kg.
The radio station was produced by the Hersteller company since 1941 and was intended for radiotelephone communication of infantry units or spotters equipped with Fu-16 stations. The station was built on 10 lamps and could work on the move. In 1943 the station was modernized and produced under the designation "Torn.Fu.ha" (frequency - 23.1 - 25 MHz, power - 1.5 W). A total of 2 thousand Torn.Fu.h and 200 Torn.Fu.ha stations were released. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 23.4 - 24.9 MHz; power - 0.1 W; antenna - collapsible whip, of five sections; communication range - 2.5 k; power supply - two 2.4 V batteries; dimensions - 360 × 350 × 205 mm; weight 14.5 kg.
The telegraph-telephone radio station was produced by the Lorenz company since 1944. To increase the efficiency in the telephone mode, the transmitter had an automatically adjustable carrier frequency level depending on the modulation level. TTX radio station: frequency range - 1.8 - 3 MHz; power - 3 W; power supply - from two accumulators or hand generator.
The radio station was produced since 1943 on the basis of "Torn.Fu.f" and was intended for the regimental command echelon. It consisted of two identical units: a radio station and a power supply unit with accessories. Together with the multifunctional tape recorder "Ton Sb", the radio station was used in radio games of intelligence or counterintelligence. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 3 - 6.67 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; power - 2 W; power supply - from 4.8V batteries; dimensions of the station and power supply - 470x362x215 mm; weight - 19 kg; power supply weight - 23 kg.
The radio station has been produced by the Hagenuk company since 1942. It was equipped with an external power supply unit. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 3 - 6 MHz; power - 15 watts.
The station was produced from the beginning of 1945 by the Lorenz company in the development of the Torn. Fu.g. ". TTX radio stations: frequency range - 2.5 - 3.5 MHz; power 1 W; dimensions - 390x337x180 mm; weight - 18 kg.
The combined arms station "15 W.S.E" was developed by the "Telefunken" company and was produced since 1939. The station was built on 11 lamps. The 15 W.S.E.b model was produced since 1942 at the VEF plant in Riga during the occupation of Latvia and could work together with a teletype. The station was used to provide communications in the division's network. TTX station: frequency range - 3 - 7.5 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; power supply - 12 V from the generator or umformer on the vehicle or from the AC mains; output power - 15 W; communication range - up to 100 km; dimensions - 340x420x220 mm; weight - 18 kg.
The radio station was produced by the Telefunken company. It was built on 6 lamps and was equipped with an external power supply. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 2.5 - 20 MHz; types of modulation - CW and MCW; power - 200 W; dimensions - 495x655x540 mm, weight - 64 kg; dimensions of the power supply unit - 525x690x475, weight - 100 kg.
The radio station was developed by the Telefunken company in 1935, but was not adopted by the German army. Therefore, 180 stations were delivered to Austria. After her Anschluss, the radio station was used by the Wehrmacht. The radio station was also supplied to Sweden and Norway. In total, at least 200 stations were released. The radio station consisted of three packages: a radio station, a power supply unit and a portable collapsible hand-held generator. TTX radio stations: frequency range - 3 - 5 MHz; communication range - 30 km; power supply - 4 / 12V; the dimensions of the radio station and the power supply unit - 438x340x185 mm; radio station weight - 18.5 kg; power supply weight - 22 kg; generator dimensions - 720x316x300 mm, weight - 19.6 kg.
Tank radio station Fu 5 SE 10 U (Fu 5). Left - receiver Ukw.E.e. On the right is the 10 W.S.c. transmitter.
The station was produced in 1936-1941. company "Telefunken" and was intended to communicate tanks among themselves, inside the tank and with the command. The station included the receiver "Ukw.E.e." and a 10W.S.c. transmitter. TTX station: range - 27.2 - 33.3 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; output power - 10 W; communication range - 4 km; power supply - from a storage battery 12V; antenna - whip, 2 m long; the dimensions of the receiver and transmitter are 312x197x176 mm, the weight of each is 11 kg.
Station "Fu-6" was produced in 1937-1940. and served to provide communication between tanks and command. The station included a transmitter "20 W.S.s." (produced since 1936 by the Lorenz company) and the receiver "Ukw.E.c1." (produced by Telefunken since 1936). TTX station: transmitter frequency range - 42.1-47.8 MHz, receiver - 27.2-33 MHz; output power - 20 W; operating modes - TLG and TLF; power supply - 12 V; transmitter dimensions - 515x225x240 mm, weight - 16.5 kg; receiver dimensions 415x200x268 mm; weight - 10.8 kg.
The station was produced by the Lorenz company and was installed on command tanks to maintain communication with aircraft equipped with FuG-17 radios. The station consisted of the 20 W.S.d transmitter (produced since 1936) and the Ukw.E.d1 receiver (produced since 1939). TTX station: frequency range - 42.1-47.8 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; output power - 20 W; food - 12 from the onboard network through an umformer; transmitter dimensions - 515x225x240 mm, weight - 16.5 kg; receiver dimensions - 415x200x269 mm, weight - 7 kg.
The station was produced by the "Telefunken" company since 1939 and was intended for communication of command tanks with the headquarters of tank formations. The station included a 30 W.S. and receiver Mw.E.c. (Fu 4 EM / Fu 4). TTX station: transmitter frequency range - 1.1-3 MHz, receiver - 0.83-3 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; output power - 30 W; power supply - 12V from umformer U 30b; transmitter dimensions - 487x252x334 mm, weight - 19 kg; receiver dimensions - 312х197х176 mm, weight - 16 kg; the mass of the umformer is 24.5 kg.
The station has been produced by Telefunken since 1942. It was also used on armored reconnaissance vehicles. The set of the station included a transceiver, a power supply and a loudspeaker. TTX station: frequency range - 19.9 - 21.5 MHz, divided into 60 channels; operating modes - AM; output power - 8 W; antenna - whip, 2 m long; power supply - 12V; dimensions - 280x200x170 mm; weight - 12.5 kg.
The station was produced by the "Telefunken" company since 1936 and was intended to provide communication between the ACS and the command. The station consisted of: a receiver "Ukw.E.h", a transmitter "10 W.S.h" and a loudspeaker with a low frequency amplifier "LSG (Fu) b". TTX station: frequency range - 23.1 - 24.9 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; output power - 10 W; power supply - 12V; dimensions - 312х197х176 mm; weight - 11 kg; loudspeaker dimensions - 150x200x130 mm, weight - 4 kg, power 4 W.
The radio station was used to equip tank reconnaissance groups. It consisted of the Torn.E.b combined-arms knapsack HF receiver, the 30 W.S.a transmitter and the EW.c. umformer. All components of the station were produced by the Telefunken company, the receiver from 1935, the transmitter from 1939. In total, at least 205 thousand receivers were produced, which were used in the set of Fu-9 and Fu-25 radio stations. TTX station: frequency range of the receiver - 97-7095 kHz, transmitter - 1.12 - 3 MHz; operating modes - TLG and TLF; power supply - 12V from the on-board network through an umformer; receiver dimensions - 365x245x220 mm, weight - 18 kg; transmitter dimensions - 487x252x334 mm, weight - 19 kg.
The station has been manufactured by Lorenz, Telefunken and AEG since 1938 and was intended to equip bombers and long-range aircraft. She also provided communication between the crew members. The base of the station consisted of two receivers and two transmitters operating separately at long and short waves. The set consisted of: DV transmitter - "S10L" (SL); KV transmitter - "S10K" (SK); DV receiver - "E10L" (EL); HF receiver - "E10aK" (EK); unit for remote switching and tuning of antennas - "FBG-3"; aircraft intercom- "ADb-13"; umformer for power supply of radio station receivers - "U.10 / E". TTX stations: frequency range - 300 - 600 kHz and 3 - 6 MHz; output power - 70 W; types of work - TLG and TLF; communication range up to 2000 km; power supply - 24V from the onboard network through an umformer; receiver dimensions - 222 x 186 x 206 mm, weight - 7.6 kg; dimensions of the transmitter - 223 x 223 x 210 mm, weight - 7.3 kg.
The onboard radio station "FuG-16" has been produced by the "Lorenz" company since 1940. The station was installed on single-seat fighters to provide communication between aircraft and with ground stations. It was also used as a navigator and could work with friend or foe identification equipment. A series of 12 radio stations was created on the basis of "FuG-16". Since 1944, simplified versions of radio stations have been produced under the designation "FuG-16Z", "FuG-16ZS and" FuG-16 ZY ". During the war years, about 150 thousand stations of all modifications were produced. TTX station: frequency range - 38.5 - 42.3 MHz; operating modes - R / T and W / T; output power - 10 W; communication range - up to 80 - 300 km; sensitivity - 30 μV; power supply - 24V from the on-board network through the "U-17" umformer; dimensions 374x220x208 mm; weight - 14.5 kg.
The station was produced by the Lorenz company since 1938. It was intended to provide radio communication between aircraft and command tanks, which were equipped with Fu-7 radios. The station was assembled on 11 lamps. TTX station: frequency range - 42.1 - 47.9 MHz; operating modes - RT and WT; output power - 10 W; communication range up to 300 km at an altitude of 8 km; power supply - 24V from the aircraft onboard network through the U 17 umformer; dimensions - 374x220x208 mm; weight - 14.5 kg.
Aircraft radio station Lo-70 KL 40
The station was designed by the Lorenz company and produced by the Czechoslovak company Telegrafica during the occupation. It has been used in aviation and maritime navigation since 1943. Performance characteristics of the station: frequency range - 300 kHz - 7.5 MHz; output signal power - 70 W; operating modes - CW; power supply - 24 V DC or 110/220 V AC: station dimensions - 578х440х367 mm; station weight - 76 kg; power supply weight - 35 kg.
vitos 19-02-2004 22:19
during the war, our scouts were abandoned
behind the front line with the radio station NORTH
And what were the Abwehr reconnaissance groups equipped with?
characteristics of radio stations, name
company manufacturer
communication range
Photo
In my opinion, SMERSH should have fallen into the hands of
a large number of radio stations
JRGN 20-02-2004 13:35
Maybe not quite to the point, but here's something on radio stations. Taken from http://www.wehrmacht.ru/Text/Inf.Division%201.htm
"The regimental communications platoon consisted of a platoon commander (usually a lieutenant, a horseman) who was simultaneously part of the regiment's headquarters, a headquarters section (radio operator, horseman, two signalmen), a small telephone office a, 2 medium telephone offices" b ", 4 radio groups" d " , 2 four-horse telephone carts, one two-horse radio carriage The communications platoon was equipped with the following equipment: 10 field induction telephones (weight 5.9 kg), 2 foldable switches (for 10 and 20 lines), 8 kilometers of light single-core field cable on large drums ( 500 m on a drum), 14 kilometers of heavy single-core field cable on large drums (750-1000 m on a drum), a portable receiver type "d" (DORA), a three-watt transmitter (operating frequencies 33.8-38 MHz), the transmitter was served by two radio operators and could work with both a key and a microphone (transmitter mass 11 kg). The communication range was 15/5 (key / microphone) km. Nickel-cadmium batteries were used as a source of energy. communications star, the regiment had other liaison units operating at the battalion and company level. The regimental artillery had its own connection. The regimental communications platoon kept in touch with the battalions of the regiment, as well as with the neighbors on the right. The platoon reported directly to the regiment commander. If necessary, regimental signalmen helped the artillerymen. The main type of communication in the regiment was the telephone. Despite the fact that telephonists constantly tried to provide reliable telephone communications, it was not easy to do. First of all, laying the telephone cable was time consuming. On good terrain, it took telephonists up to 20 minutes to lay 1 km of lightweight cable. It was possible to lay 1 km of heavy cable in half an hour. Sometimes the cable was suspended, but usually it was laid on the ground. In the offensive, it was extremely difficult to maintain a reliable telephone connection. In addition, the telephone cable was easily damaged by enemy fire, as well as by heavy vehicles and tanks. To eliminate the break, it was necessary to send a signalman along the cable. Signalers had to operate in difficult conditions, often under enemy fire. It was especially difficult to repair the cliff at night, in mud or deep snow. In any case, it took a long time to close the cliff. Therefore, in the front zone, two cables were usually laid at once, switching from one to the other in the event of a break. A portable short-wave transceiver was deprived of these drawbacks, which was brought into working condition in just 5-8 minutes. In addition, the radio could be used even during marches. The portable radio station was served by three soldiers. The commander of the crew carried an antenna, spare batteries, headphones, etc. The first number was carried by the receiver, and the second by the transmitter. However, the radio station also had disadvantages. First of all, it was very heavy and provided only simplex communication (transmission only in one direction is possible at the same time). The reliability and range of communication fluctuated greatly depending on the weather. In any case, voice communication was provided for too short a distance, usually it was necessary to use a key. Since radio messages and even telephone conversations could be intercepted by the enemy, conventional names and code names were used. "
Original http://www.wehrmacht.ru/Text/Inf.Division%201.htm
I also found a site on radio topics. See what you can find there. I didn't look myself. http://home.snafu.de/wumpus/index.html
vitos 27-02-2004 22:03
all information on conventional ground forces radio stations
I'm interested in Abwehr spy radios
because in every captured group of the ball there is a radio station
in the film "In August 1944" was shown
conventional military post-war
JRGN 28-02-2004 06:16
In the cinema, and not this will be shown
vitos 28-02-2004 18:53
SPY RADIO ABVER-SE100 / 11
THERE WERE OTHER
NOS 02-03-2004 18:50
Vitos,
I'll throw it off tomorrow. I have a book in which they (these transmitters) are.
With sw,
NOSE
GFO 03-03-2004 14:16
Nose, is it weak here? Based on my current work, it will be interesting for me myself. And then we’ll move to the radio station. And live on this rubbish you can passatret in St. Petersburg in Kronverk.
NOS 04-03-2004 14:36
Greetings colleagues.
Sorry for being late - I could not find the book in any way (then the scan missed * ls).
I throw off:
1.Transmitter 109-3
Radius of action: from 35 to 65 km. This instance is disguised as a transformer element (from there and English text on the lid)
2. The outer cover of this artifact.
3. transmitter 100-11 (or 100/11). Fitted in a suitcase for easy portability. The range is from 85 to 115 km.
4. Abwehr agents at work. Eastern Front, district of Elista.
We have not been able to find out more yet.
NOS 04-03-2004 14:37
Sorry, before the digital numbering of devices is the abbreviation SE (SE-100-3; SE-100-11)
vitos 04-03-2004 16:05
Great
can you find out the source?
is there anything else on this topic?
NOS 04-03-2004 16:10
I give a source.
H. Keith Melton "Der perfekte Spion. Die welt der geheimdienste." wilhelm heyne verlag. Munchen. 1996.
NOS 04-03-2004 16:13
On the topic of special walkie-talkies and special equipment? Yes dovig in this book!
And for the Americans, and for the British and for the Japanese and the Germans (walkie-talkies, though only two are indicated). But the Enigmas and Colossuses alone are worth something, or two versions of the Japanese Machine Red. There is also a rarity. Japanese Enigma and special radio OSBONA, which ours used in Norway.
NOS 04-03-2004 16:15
There is one Enigma in Budapest, in the Army Museum. I have long wanted to twist it in my hands. If my permission to work in the storerooms has not expired yet, then somehow I will try to print the photos, how I should have used Enigma. I think, too, someone is interested.
vitos 04-03-2004 23:53
I hope for the continuation of the topic and for the appearance of new photos
I wonder why there are no photographs of our trophies - is it really still a secret
communication range seems too small
By the way, what radio station could Stirlitz have?
RADISTKY CAT'S SUITCASE
I MEAN similar groups - RED KAPELLA, RADO group, TREPPERA group
HOW THIS TECHNIQUE WAS EVALUATED IN THE GESTAPO
AFTER 1942 WE THOUGHT TO HAVE ENGLISH AND CANADIAN SOE Mk III RADIO STATIONS
NOS 05-03-2004 15:00
Hey,
Trepper's group, Rado and Rote Capelle are one and the same
And I will throw off English radios for you next week A lot of them
Antti 06-03-2004 10:12
The radio used by OSNAZ in Norway.NOSE
If I understand correctly, you can not bury the grounding, but hang it up like an antenna?
JRGN 06-03-2004 19:26
NOSE. Thanks for the interesting material. There is a counter question. As far as I remember the content of the "Moment of Truth" (and I remember it quite well) and know the history, the group operated there more than 100 km from the front line. The book mentioned that the radio station operated on short waves. What kind of transmitter do you think could be used in this situation? In principle, r / s 100-11 is suitable, but surely in a forest, the range of action is noticeably reduced ... Maybe it is possible to somehow clarify this? If the question seems amateurish, then apologize in advance, I am not a techie and am familiar with the topic very superficially
ZY The photo is not entirely on the topic, but still funny. This is the first half of the 30s, the German police.
vitos 06-03-2004 23:15
radio interception service?
Antti 07-03-2004 09:50
What radio interception? The comrade is on patrol duty. The platoon commander drove up with a check, wrote a remark in the service book. Everything is like in the USSR.
JRGN 07-03-2004 13:19
Here's what the author of the post writes:
Here "s what I know about this photograph. The picture is scanned from Nick Yapp" s The Hulton Getty Picture Collection: 1930s, Koenemann, Koeln: 1998, p. 249. The caption reads: "Members of the German police force use two-way radios to send and receive messages from patrols, 1935."
NOS 08-03-2004 15:18
YRGN
I will look at my archives on the asked radio stations, maybe I will find something - I will throw it off.
Unfortunately, my scanner crashed - I can't send material on the English and American radios used in Europe. (wait a bit).
For grounding and forestry. Yes, judging by the radios used in Norway, there were antennas scattered along branches, southern slopes of rocks or along elements of a railway bridge (in Norway there are so many of them, and they are so small that they were little guarded; and the metal structure enhances the effect of transmitters on medium and long waves.
Through the woods. Any novice signalman knows that it is difficult to transmit from the forest (especially after a snowfall or rain; all instructions prohibited such a thing).
In addition, in Western Europe, Soviet troops faced another garbage: transmissions from the old quarters of the cities were jammed incredibly. Reason: under the tiled roof there were zinc (or galvanized sheets) which were welded together with lead).
Rest tomorrow.
From SW.
NOSE
NOS 08-03-2004 15:55
Well. It seems like the san works (I hope), sorry for the quality, I hope everything goes well (I had to rummage through several reference books, mostly Hungarian and German).
While the appearance of English radios:
1. Radio station SS-TR 1 (English, also MK-I)
2.MK-II
3.MK-III
4. English, American, Canadian SCR-504, also MK-IV)
NOS 08-03-2004 17:11
I will try again (on kinta kinta soap, who can post).
Antti 08-03-2004 18:12
quote: Originally posted by NOS:
Christmas trees, pictures do not go
I will try again (on kinta kinta soap, who can post).
Colleague, soap in profile, yu welkam.
ZLOY 22-03-2004 02:48
Sorry for OFFSETOP
An acquaintance of mine has a radio station that was humiliated during the Second World War by his grandfather, a radio amateur from an American submarine. The radio station was made in Baltimore. The radio station looks like a black box, about the size of an average monitor. The radio is fully functional. All details are native. Tell me how much it can cost and how to sell it? My sidekick butts me so that I would help him sell this box abroad, preferably to America, and best of all - to the manufacturer. This is real? Thanks for the answer.
ZLOY 23-03-2004 04:28
Supplement to OFFTOP
I copied a sign on an American radio station. It turned out that it was manufactured not in Baltimore, but by order of a company located there.
Read
TYPE CCT - 04677
High frequency receiver
Frequency range 2 to 20 MC
Input 12 V DC / AC (25/60 ~) 2.0 Amp; 205 VDC 0.07 Amp
30 pounds serial 329
A unit of model RBM-4 equipment
Manufactured for NAVY DEPARTAMENT - BUREAU OF SHIPS
By Stromberg - Carlson Telefone MFG. CO
Contractor WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING Co
Baltimor maryland
PS Well, maybe anyone has any ideas?
This, another, review in our section on the history of international broadcasting "Broadcasting Over the Borders" is devoted to Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender, later Deutschen Überseesender - Nazi Germany radio for abroad. This is the extensive material of our editor.
We will also talk about one of the most famous radio presenters of this radio service of the Third Reich, William Joyce, nicknamed "Lord How-How", that is, "Lord Woof-Woof".
In the audio file we offer an excerpt from the program about William Joyce of the Russian broadcast of the American radio station "Radio Liberty" from 07/12/2012.
The show contains archived fragments of the Germany Calling program hosted by Lord Howe, in Russian translation.
In our review, among other things, you can also read the text of this program ..
In Germany, under the Nazis, propaganda was actively conducted against the population listening to the enemy's radio broadcasting.
Here we place a German poster from 1944 by cartoonist Max Spielmann under the heading Verräter ("Traitor"), which depicts a German citizen listening to Radio Moscow and Radio London at night, apparently the corresponding German-language services of these radio stations. The large poster is a repulsive announcer from one of these stations.
For listening to foreign radio programs in Nazi Germany, they were threatened with being sent to a concentration camp.
In the USSR, a group of cartoonists known as the Kukryniksy, as well as Boris Yefimov, issued many posters during the Second World War against the Nazi Minister of Public Education and Propaganda Goebbels and the deceit of German radio.
At the same time, in the USSR, practically no one listened to the broadcasting service from Germany among the population, if only because it had never broadcast in Russian.
Here is a poster of the Kukryniksy 1941 of the year (USSR) depicting Goebbels, which presents a summary of the German military command. Interestingly, the caricature is in English.
On cartoons: Although the governments of Great Britain and the United States of America feared the negative impact of Nazi Germany's foreign radio broadcasting, they did not state this publicly too much. both in Britain and the United States, as well as during the Second World War, the right to the possibility of obtaining alternative information continued to exist. In these countries, no one was persecuted for listening to programs from Berlin, Tokyo, or, for example, the USSR, although the latter was an ally.
During the war years in Washington, among other things, the Stevensons Radio Bulletin continued to be published - a publication for radio amateurs, which also neatly placed on its pages the broadcasting schedules from both Great Britain and Nazi Germany, as well as all other countries of the world. The same was true for the Short Waves edition, published by the alliance of radio amateurs.
Against, in the USSR and in Germany during the Second World War there was a ban on listening to foreign programs... In the Third Reich, the authorities preferred to produce mostly radios without shortwave range. Some of the receivers even had a sign warning about the punishment for listening to programs from abroad. For listening to foreign radio programs in Germany, she was threatened with being sent to a concentration camp.
In the USSR, with the beginning of the war, radio receivers were generally banned., the population had to voluntarily surrender them to the authorities. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the Soviet Union during the Second World War, the population was tied to loudspeakers in the streets or wired radio points in apartments. The confiscated radios in the USSR were returned to the population only after the end of the war.
At the same time, it is funny that the official foreign broadcasting of Nazi Germany Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender (later Deutschen Überseesender) never even broadcast in Russian, although it worked in 30 languages. At the same time, Germany sponsored several Russian-language radio stations of various anti-Soviet movements broadcasting to the USSR.
In the Soviet Union and Germany during the Second World War, propaganda was actively carried out against the radio broadcasting of the enemy. At the beginning of this review, we place a German poster from 1944 by cartoonist Max Spielmann under the heading Verräter("Traitor"), which depicts a German citizen listening to Radio Moscow and Radio London at night, apparently the corresponding German-language services of these radio stations. The large poster is a repulsive announcer from one of these stations.
In the USSR, a group of cartoonists known as the Kukryniksy, as well as Boris Yefimov, issued many posters during the Second World War against the Nazi Minister of Public Education and Propaganda Goebbels and the deceit of German radio. At the same time, in the USSR, practically no one listened to the broadcasting service from Germany among the population, if only because, we repeat, it never broadcast in Russian.
We present a poster of the Kukryniksy 1941 of the year (USSR) depicting Goebbels, which presents a summary of the German military command.
What was the radio of Nazi Germany overseas
Qsl - 1938 radio broadcasting card for Nazi Germany Kurzwellensender with the words "Germany calling" in English and overprinted in black on a typographical error.
International broadcasting stations sent out Qsl cards in exchange for listeners' reports of program audibility. Now, with the transition from short waves to new broadcasting technologies to foreign countries - satellite and the Internet, foreign broadcasting stations send out such cards less willingly.
Transmitting Center Zeesen (Kurzwellen Sender Zeesen and Sender Zeesen) near Berlin. From this broadcast center, shortwave broadcasts of the Nazi German radio broadcasting service were broadcast.
Here is the cover from a 1935 souvenir gramophone record.
Such records with recordings of the callsigns of German foreign broadcasting and German songs were then sent to foreign listeners Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksende, German foreign broadcasting.
The first radio broadcasts from Germany to overseas began even before the Nazis came to power, namely on August 29, 1929, when the German radio program for foreign audiences, Weltrundfunksender (ie World Radio Broadcasting), was launched.
The first broadcast of the Weltrundfunksender was broadcast on shortwave frequency 9560 kHz, in the range of 31.38 meters, and the new service was engaged in relaying on short waves of German-language programs of domestic German radio stations, which in Germany itself were broadcast only on long and medium waves.
(Recall that long and medium radio waves (now gradually falling out of circulation among radio broadcasters) can deliver a signal over a relatively small area (within a few hundred kilometers during the day, and several thousand kilometers at night; compare the FM broadcasts that appeared after World War II - the range is even less, only up to one hundred kilometers, but with good sound quality), while a short-wave transmitter, with a successful passage, can cover up to half of the globe, albeit with a poor signal quality.
Moreover, on short waves, changing the bands (alternating the so-called "day" and "night"), you can provide broadcasts over great distances throughout the day. However, short waves, which once served as the main means of foreign broadcasting, are losing popularity, and international broadcasters are migrating to satellites on the Internet).
But back to 1929. In addition to music programs, Weltrundfunksender relayed news from the Berlin radio station Funk-Stunde Berlin (which since 1926 became the property of the Deutsche Reichspost; Funk-Stunde Berlin existed from 1923 to 1934 respectively).
The Weltrundfunksender shortwave broadcasts came from a transmission center known as the Kurzwellen Sender Zeesen, located in Zeesen, near Berlin, now in Brandenburg.
It is interesting that even before the start of the Weltrundfunksender, namely in 1925-1926. biennium Germany has already carried out test broadcasts from a shortwave transmitter installed on actually at the medium-wave transmitting center Deutschlandsender I, or Sender Königs Wusterhausen (also known as Senders Deutsche Welle GmbH until 1933), which was located near the town of Königs Wusterhausen, near Berlin (Brandenburg ).
And it was from the long-wave transmission center Sender Königs Wusterhausen that the first radio transmission in Germany was started back in 1920. To commemorate this 231 kHz radio center, which fell into disrepair under the Nazis, but was revived for longwave broadcasts after World War II, and now closed again, the city's coat of arms of Königs Wusterhausen still features radio masts.
Perhaps it was Sender Königs Wusterhausen that would become the main shortwave center of Nazi Germany, but there was no room for new transmitters and antennas. Therefore, in fact, a new radio center in Zeesen (Zeesen, the state of Brandenburg) arose next to it.
Kurzwellen Sender Zeesen experienced a real heyday under Nazi rule (), although it was founded even before they came to power.
In general, by 1933, when Hitler came to power, Germany had only two short-wave transmitters: Telefunken, 8 kilowatts, and the other, Lorenz, 5 kilowatts.
(Both were located just in Kurzwellen Sender Zeesen, where they were installed when it opened in 1929, and were dismantled as low-power already in 1941; In Zeesen, the Sender Zeesen transmitter, known as Deutschlandsender II, also worked in Zeesen since 1927.
Since 1939, this main long-wave 60-kilowatt transmitter, from which the internal central radio broadcasting was carried out (transmitter frequencies: from 1928 183.5 kHz; after 1934 - 191 kHz), was mothballed, because near Berlin (and also in Brandenburg) a new 500-kilowatt long-wave transmitter Deutschlandsender Herzberg, known as Deutschlandsender III, was built).
An illustration from the pre-war English language brochure Kurzwellensender German Broadcasting Abroad shows the Haus des Rundfunks in Berlin and the Nazi German Radio Broadcasting Service building next door.
The House of Radio Broadcasting, the most modern building by the standards of that time, was built specifically for the purpose of preparing radio programs even before the Nazis came to power - in 1931. In the booklet, as we can see, the caption to the photograph reads, we quote: “The German message to Germany itself comes from this most modern building of its kind (i.e. to the listeners of the world, comes from a very small building, in the picture it is on the right, where the headquarters of the shortwave service-international broadcasting is located.
As we mentioned in our review, since 1933 the editorial office of Kurzwellensender has been located directly in the House of Radio Broadcasting, but with an expansion around 1937-1938. radio of Nazi Germany overseas - Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender - i.e. shortwave world radio broadcasting occupied a separate small building, or rather a villa (in the photo it is on the right), in the vicinity of the aforementioned Berlin Broadcasting House, but the building designed specifically for external service was never built.
Interestingly, the Radio Broadcasting House survived after the war, and already on May 13, 1945, the Soviet occupation authorities from this building conducted the first half-hour radio broadcast for the population of Berlin. Although the building was in the British occupation sector after the war, it was until 1950 the headquarters of Radio Berlin under the control of the Soviet occupation administration. From this Soviet station, the Berlin program of the so-called. radio of the German Democratic Republic, later broadcast from the GDR. In 1956, the Soviet administration handed over the House of Radio Broadcasting to the authorities of West Berlin, having previously removed all the equipment to its sector of Berlin.
After a refurbishment, in 1957, the Public Broadcasting House housed Sender Freies Berlin, a public broadcaster controlled by the Americans, British and French, and since 2003, the building houses the public broadcaster of Berlin and the German federal state of Brandenburg Germany Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB).
William Joyce, he is "Lord How-How" - which means "Lord Woof-Woof"
We offer an excerpt from the Russian broadcast of the American radio station "Radio Liberty" (Free Europe / Radio Liberty, RFE / RL dated 07/12/2012) about William Joyce (1906-1946), nicknamed "Lord Howe Howe ", That is," Lord Woof-Woof ", who was the most famous presenter of the English program for the overseas radio of Nazi Germany ..
First, an audio file with a recording of this program, containing archived fragments of the Germany Calling program, broadcast during the Second World War on the radio of the Third Reich:
- audio file # 1
And now the text:
“An archived excerpt from the foreign radio broadcast of Nazi Germany is being broadcast:
Music and announcement of the announcer in German: “This is the House of Radio. This is followed by a priority program that we have prepared for all German transmission centers. "
Announcement by William Joyce (Lord Howe) in English: Germany Calling, Germany Calling("Germany Speaks").
By Vladimir Abarinov, a freelance correspondent for Radio Liberty in Washington DC:
So, in September 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the British heard a new, but immediately memorable voice on the air on the Berlin radio:
“Germany is speaking, Germany is speaking. Reich radio broadcasts from Hamburg, via a transmitter in Bremen and a (shortwave) DXB transmitter. Further news in English. "
The announcer spoke perfect English with a slight Irish accent. His intonation was calm, without the hysterical outburst characteristic of Nazi orators, whose speeches the British associated with dog barking, and therefore they called all the announcers of the English-language programs of German radio "Lord How-How", that is, "Lord Woof-Woof". Subsequently, however, the nickname was assigned to this announcer.
Lord Howe-Howe: “The German High Command has announced that the occupation of Denmark and Norway has been carried out according to plan today. The German ambassador to Norway, Dr. Breuer, received today the representatives of the Norwegian press and brought to their attention the text of the appeal to the Norwegian government. This text reads: “I want to once again draw the attention of the Norwegian government to the fact that any resistance to the actions of Germany will be absolutely senseless and will only worsen the situation in Norway. I repeat, Germany has no intention of encroaching on the territorial integrity or political independence of the Kingdom of Norway either now or in the future. "
This unflappable the voice belonged to William Joyce- An American-born Irishman, a former associate of Oswald Mosley in the British Union of Fascists, and who later organized the National Socialist League in the British Isles.
Before the war, Joyce and his wife left for Germany to avoid internment under the Defense Regulation 18B Act.
In his comments, William Joyce allowed himself a somewhat cynical irony..
Here is a typical example from the aerial Battle of Britain (1940):
“The British Ministry of Disinformation is conducting a systematic campaign to intimidate British women and girls by educating them about the dangers of German bomb fragments. In response to these warnings, British women require their milliners to make spring and summer hats out of thin sheet metal covered with silk, velvet or other draperies. "
Despite his contemptuous nickname, William Joyce's popularity was great. It aired nine times a day. According to British researchers, in 1939-1940. its audience in the UK was six million. The British wanted to hear, in addition to the official, and the German version of events.
Joyce's high ratings worried the British authorities, with the "Vile News from Lord How-How" page published in Pathé News, in which actor Geoffrey Sumner parodied Joyce:
Archived audio from Pathé News cites the slightly parodied radio call sign of Nazi Germany, followed by the words of Jeffrey Sumner parodying William Joyce:
“Germany is speaking, Germany is speaking. This is vile news in English, telling you the truth, the whole truth, and nothing like the truth. "
His last transmission "Lord Howe" recorded on April 30, 1945 in Hamburg (in fact, the broadcast was recorded in a temporary studio at the Apen station, where Joyce went closer to the transmitter ..), on the day Hitler committed suicide and the battle for Berlin was already on its streets.
The recording was discovered by a British journalist who later claimed that there was an unfinished bottle of gin on the table in the studio nearby. The fact that Lord Howe's tongue is twisted can be heard on the recording even without a journalist's testimony:
From the last commentary of Lord Woof-Woof, April 30, 1945 (the entire 10-minute commentary; key excerpts are given here, Russian translation from English, also listen audio file):
"Good evening! Today I am talking to you about Germany... This is a concept that many of you do not understand. But I'll tell you that in Germany the spirit of unity and fortitude is still preserved. Here we have a close-knit people, modest in their desires. They are not imperialists, they do not want to seize what does not belong to them. All they want is to live their own simple life so that no one will disturb them from the outside. This is what Germany we know.
Now I will tell you, my English listeners, what the problem is. Germany, if you will, no longer plays a major role in Europe. I may be wrong, but German weapons were defeated on many battlefields. However, I ask you, is it possible for England to confront Soviet Russia without the help of the German legions? I'm an optimist. But so far I only see that England is allowing Germany to sacrifice her last heritage in an attempt to stop the Bolshevik horde. Germany will survive because the people of Germany own a secret life: fortitude, will and determination. And so I say to you in this last word, and you may not hear me again for several months, I say: “Their libe Deutsch, Hile Hitler! And goodbye. "
William Joyce was arrested in Flensburg by British military intelligence and brought before a British court. (Flensburg, on the border with Germany with Denmark; the last Nazi government of Germany under the leadership of Admiral Karl Doenitz was located in the city. Note site). Joyce was charged with betrayal because he remained a British subject throughout the war.
Joyce was sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence was carried out in the UK. Joyce was only 39 years old. "
From the essay of the Russian broadcasting "Radio Liberty" from 07/12/2012
Monitoring site
More about the program Germany Calling and the foreign broadcasting device of the radio of the Third Reich, see..
From a Nazi Germany radio booklet for overseas 1938
In the four pictures below: Several pages from Nazi German foreign broadcasting booklet Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender, dedicated to the station's programs for North America for May 1938.
The name Germany Calling is not yet mentioned in the booklet for the name of the program (it will appear later), but the broadcast to North America, as can be seen from this schedule, in 1938 went in three blocks for almost nine hours a day. Moreover, the broadcasts include both programs in English and German: these are news, various thematic and musical programs.
Also on the last page you can briefly learn that the Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender in 1938 already had an extensive schedule for other regions of the world.
Cover of the booklet of the German foreign broadcaster Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender, dedicated to the station's programs for North America for May 1938.
Page of the schedule of programs of the German foreign broadcast Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender to North America for May 1938. As you can see on this page, in 1938, broadcast to North America from Germany went in three blocks with a duration of almost nine hours a day.
Page of the schedule of programs of the German foreign broadcast Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender to North America for May 1938.
Page of the schedule of programs of the German foreign broadcast Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender to North America for May 1938. Here you can find out which programs were offered to the North American listener. Programs were alternated in English and German.
On the last page of the program schedule of the German foreign broadcast Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender to North America for May 1938, one could briefly learn that the Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender then already had extensive broadcasts for other regions of the world.
Schedules powered by ontheshortwaves.com
Almost immediately after Hitler came to power, German foreign broadcasting was transformed.
It began a new life on the night of April 1–2, 1933, with a special two-hour program block (with news in German and English), directed to North America, the first independent block of German foreign broadcasting programs. The new overseas program division, which received the somewhat expanded name Deutscher Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender (German Shortwave Broadcasting - World Radio Broadcasting), was at that time seven employees.
This radio of Nazi Germany overseas was part of the Imperial broadcaster Reichs-Rundfunkgesellschaft and was run by its own CEO.
In February 1934, Deutscher Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender began broadcasting to Asia, Africa and Latin America.
“In July 1935, a third shortwave 12 kilowatt transmitter was put into operation at the Zeesen transmitting station. Depending on the time of day, for better transmission of the radio signal, broadcasting was carried out in the ranges from 13 to 60 meters. By the beginning of 1936, news abroad was broadcast from Germany up to 22 times a day in five languages: German, English, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch. In total, the broadcasting volume was 34 hours.
There were three different programs on the air at the same time, 75 percent of which were live and only 25 percent were recorded from wax records.
By 1935, the number of full-time employees was doubled: 27 people had already worked on the Deutscher Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender program, ”the German wave of foreign broadcasts noted in one of its programs on radio history, prepared in 1999, and continued:
“By 1936, the Zeesen Radio Broadcasting Center had a total of ten shortwave transmitters (eight of them with a capacity of 50 kilowatts) and 24 directional antennas by 1936. At that time it was the largest and most powerful shortwave transmission center in the world. "
Page of the American edition of Short Waves, published by the alliance of radio amateurs.
Page of the American edition of Short Waves, published by the alliance of radio amateurs. One of the issues from 1942.
Despite the fact that the United States was already at war with both Germany and Japan at the time, the magazine detailed the broadcast schedules and frequencies of these hostile stations.
Pay attention to the leftmost column of this page of the publication. Here was the section "News in English on the situation at the fronts" (War News in English), which indicates the time and frequency of the main news broadcasts in English from almost all the main players of the then world: Nazi Germany, USSR, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, China , Sweden, as well as broadcasting colonial possessions. Regardless of whether these countries were then opponents of the United States in the war. Detailed frequency schedules from around the world are shown in the far right column of this publication page.
All this shows how strong freedom of speech was in the United States during the Second World War.
With the expansion of Nazi Germany's radio overseas - Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender occupied a separate building next to the aforementioned Berlin Broadcasting House, but a building designed specifically for external service was never built.
One of the incentives for a very rapid increase in German international broadcasting was the conduct of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
In 1938, the Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender had about two hundred employees. By 1941, overseas broadcasts from Nazi Germany were broadcast in 30 languages.... Subsequently, the number of languages increased slightly.
Nevertheless, the official foreign broadcasting of Nazi Germany never worked in Russian since felt that it was not very effective for a number of reasons. (In context: In 1941, the Soviet authorities forced the population of their country to hand over their radios to the security forces. The receivers were returned only after the end of the war). During the war, Germany, under the auspices of the special broadcasting organization "Concordia", organized several radio stations in Russian: "For Russia", "Old Guard". Formally, these radio stations broadcast on behalf of Russian émigré groups.
Since 1943, the name of the official radio of Nazi Germany for overseas has been changed - from Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender to Deutschen Überseesender, which can be translated as "German Overseas Broadcasting".
But much earlier, namely from 18 September 1939, the foreign broadcasting Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender was renamed Germany Calling(which in this case can be translated as "Germany speaking").
Some sources indicate that the name Germany Calling("Germany speaking") can only be attributed to the English-language programs of the European service Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender. However, as can be learned from, published in November 1940 by the official cultural representation of Germany in New York - the German Information Library (the United States had not yet fought against Germany at that time, the declaration of war would take place only on December 11, 1941, at the same time the above German Information Library), all broadcasts of the Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender to North America are also referred to as Germany Calling("Germany Speaks").
This broadcast, broadcast (as of December 1940) ten times a day in blocks ranging from fifteen minutes to several hours, included twelve newscasts a day in English, four news bulletins in German and one each in Spanish, and French, as well as talk shows, music programs.
All of these broadcasts to North America were on shortwave, and according to the booklet, only transmitters in Zeesen were used, in some cases two transmitters worked simultaneously, but most of the broadcast was on the same frequency and with only one transmitter.
Page of a booklet published in November 1940 by the official cultural representation of Germany in New York - the German Information Library.
The booklet describes the radio broadcasting of Nazi Germany towards North America.
In the brochure, all Kurzwellensender - Weltrundfunksender broadcasts to North America are also referred to as Germany Calling.
According to the booklet, broadcasting from what was then Germany to North America, broadcast (as of December 1940) ten times a day in blocks ranging from fifteen minutes to several hours, included twelve news broadcasts a day in English, four news broadcasts in German and one each in Spanish and French.
According to the schedule outlined in the booklet, the evening section "Lord Haw Haw speaks to England" aired for fifteen minutes and three times a week.
Interestingly, this German publication officially uses the nickname "Lord How-How", i.e. "Lord Woof-Woof".
Again, according to the brochure, this broadcast had an evening headline "Lord Howe Howe Speaks with England" aired three times a week for fifteen minutes three times a week. » (Lord Haw Haw speaks to England). Interestingly, the German publication officially uses the nickname "Lord How-How", i.e. "Lord Woof-Woof" (See the above-mentioned November 1940 booklet, published by the official German cultural representation in New York - the German Information Library).
About the presenterGermany Calling William Joyce, nicknamed "Lord Howe", ie Lord Woof-Woof, and his broadcasts, and listen to the corresponding audio file.
Nazi Germany's Broadcast last aired on June 1, 1945 from a studio in Landshut, a city in Bavaria. This happened almost a month after Germany's surrender.
An interesting feature of the radio of the Third Reich for abroad was its active use of medium-wave transmitters, which broadcast the programs of regional German radio stations at other hours.
Thus, news in French was aired twice a day also on the waves of Reichssender Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Saarbrücken.
Program in English Germany Calling("Germany Speaks") in which William Joyce spoke ("Lord How-How" - "Lord Woof") was actively broadcast through the transmitters of the local programs of Breslau-Wroclaw (Breslau, 950 kHz), Cologne (Cologne, 658 kHz) and German-occupied French Calais (Calais 191 kHz).
Was actively used to broadcast the program to the UK Germany Calling Medium wave transmitter Sender Osterloog, who actually broadcast the local German-language radio program in Hamburg (Reichssender Hamburg). The Sender Osterloog transmitter, construction of which began in 1938 and completed in the summer of 1939, was located in the Utlandshörn region of East Frisia (present-day German state of Lower Saxony).
The peculiarity of Sender Osterloog was that this 100-kilowatt translator was built a few hundred meters from the dam in the North Sea, so in the dark, the inhabitants of the UK could perfectly receive programs from Osterloog even on the simplest radios with only long and medium wave ranges. namely, such receivers were then very common (In Germany, the cheap "People's Receiver" was produced exclusively with these bands. At the same time, listening to foreign stations in the Third Reich was prohibited, although the receivers from the population, as it was in the USSR during the war years, were not confiscated ).
So, the signal from Sender Osterloog spread freely across the sea, as well as through the neighboring territory of the occupied Netherlands, to the British Isles located so close. In turn, the signal of the German-language programs of the British Broadcasting Corporation and Radio Moscow, as well as local broadcasting from these countries, easily reached Germany on the same long and medium wave bands as on short waves.
In broadcasts Germany Calling Sender Osterloog transmitter for conspiracy purposes was announced as Sender Bremen, although it was located far from Bremen... Also O English-language broadcasts were announced to come from Hamburg, although the broadcasts were usually recorded in a studio in Berlin and only occasionally were broadcast from Hamburg. At the same time, in the last months of the war, "Lord Howe" broadcasted from a studio located at the Apen railway station of the Oldenburg-Leer railway line, not far from Sender Osterloog. This was due to the fact that the communication channels with Berlin and Hamburg had already been disrupted.
Your last comment on April 30, 1945 (listen audio file,) "Lord Woof Woof" also recorded in Apen.
It was the Sender Osterloog transmitter under the name Sender Bremen that figured among the announced for transmission Germany Calling in the entry that we provide in audio file... Another radio transmitter announced is the DXB shortwave transmitter in Zeesen (now in Brandenburg). In general, the transmission of Germany Calling was served by many shortwave transmitters of the shortwave radio center of the Third Reich in Zeesen: DJL (15.110 kHz), DXJ (7.240 kHz), DXM (6,200 kHz) and others.
The note also mentions programs in Russian, but as we have already said in the review, the Russian-language programs of Nazi Germany were not part of the official German foreign broadcasting, although they were broadcast, of course, through the transmission power of the Reich.
And in conclusion, about the post-war fate of some of the aforementioned radio transmitting centers in Nazi Germany.
The transmitting center in Zeesen (Kurzwellen Sender Zeesen and Sender Zeesen (Brandenburg) retained two working shortwave and longwave transmitters, as well as two mediumwave transmitters until the end of the war. The radio center is now closed, but a museum is open in the former radio center.
Deutschlandsender Herzberg (Brandenburg) was destroyed by Allied bombing in 1945, the remaining equipment was dismantled by Soviet troops, and, it is believed, taken to Ukraine.
Sender Osterloog (Lower Saxony) after the end of the war was used to broadcast Allied programs, in particular British military radio programs, then it was modernized and broadcast local broadcasting programs in the north of Germany: NWDR, then split into Norddeutschen Rundfunk (NDR) and Westdeutschen Rundfunk (WDR). In 1950, a shortwave transmitter was installed at the Osterloog transmission center. Three years later, this shortwave radio transmitter was used for some time to broadcast the international broadcasting of the newly formed Federal Republic of Germany - the Deutsche Welle radio station, which later moved its broadcasts to a new transmission center in Jülich, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia. Now Sender Osterloog is closed.
Survived during the Second World War, the old Sender Königs Wusterhausen (Brandenburg) transmission center was closed at its end, but then several long-wave and medium-wave transmitters were installed here, broadcasting the stations of the GDR: Radio DDR, Berliner Rundfunk, Radio Berlin International (on the middle wave ), Ferienwelle Rostock and Soviet stations in German: Radio Volga / Radio Moskau; After the war, several shortwave transmitters were built here, broadcasting Stimme der DDR and Radio Berlin International. Now this transmission center is closed.
Maxim Istomin for site
The schedules used were ontheshortwaves.com, swcountry.be, americanradiohistory.com; information from sites: ontheshortwaves.com, radio-museum.de, rundfunk-nostalgie.de, bbc.co.uk/archive, xklsv.org, funkerberg.de, oldtimeradio.de, historylearningsite.co.uk, and digitalpostercollection. com / propaganda / 1939-1945-world-war-ii / germany and other sources;
Original taken from bloggmaster v
Maybe someone will be interested in plunging into history. We have seen a lot in films, but let's take a closer look at what our grandfathers fought with. How they forged a great victory.
Communication is always a sacred thing, and in battle it is even more important ... "
Command and control without reliable means of communication is simply unthinkable - subunits cannot be quickly assembled into a shock fist or effectively lead them on the battlefield. Of course, during the Great Patriotic War, the situation with the saturation of communication means of combat units was completely different than now - no satellite communications and walkie-talkies... Infantry, artillery and guards mortarmen mainly used corded telephones, and only tank troops, aviation and the Navy actively mastered radio communications. This material is about the means of communication used during the Second World War, which were used both in the Red Army and the Wehrmacht troops, as well as on those devices that were supplied to the USSR under Lend-Lease.
To do this, we will visit the Central Museum of the Russian Army in Moscow, as well as the special "RKK Radio Museum", which gave us much more information - its main expositions today have no analogues in Russia. In the first part of this essay, we will consider the means of communication used in the troops of the Red Army, in the second - the solutions that were used in the Wehrmacht, as well as the equipment that was available to the units of the Red Army under Lend-Lease.
Communication in the Red Army
Unfortunately, in the pre-war years, the USSR People's Commissariat of Communications and the Red Army Communications Department did not provide the required number of special enterprises that produced communications equipment. As the People's Commissar of Communications Marshal of the Signal Troops Ivan Peresypkin writes in his memoirs, the communications industry was very weak. In the USSR, there was a single plant, "Krasnaya Zarya", which produced and supplied the countries with telephone equipment of all types; Kulakov, who made the ST-35 and Bodo telegraphs, i.e. provided telegraph communication, and the plant named after. Comintern, which made powerful radio equipment. Thus, by the beginning of the war with Germany, due to the insufficient capacities of the communications industry, it was not possible to carry out the planned program of rearming the signal troops with everything necessary. However, interesting means of communication were still present.
For example, excellent radio station RB (3-R)- portable transmitting and receiving half-duplex HF radio station for communication in regimental networks of infantry and artillery. It was she who was stationed at the command post of battalions and regiments, received reports of breakthroughs and counterattacks, making it possible to coordinate actions on an area of several tens of square kilometers.
RB (3-R) Power was supplied from dry batteries BAS-60 (four pieces) and a 2NKN-22 battery, which were housed in a separate battery box. Its release began in 1938. The RB model was so successful that the Americans in 42-43. they even asked for a license for its production, but they were refused. Modified radio station RB-M.
Or here's the legendary "Sever-bis"- the favorite radio station of special forces, osnaz, reconnaissance raiders and other special units. Suspended on its back, it more than once saved the life of a radio operator, taking on bullets from rifles and submachine guns of the enemy, fragments from antipersonnel mines and "stretch marks" - this example is well described in the novel "Zvezda" by E. Kazakevich. In general, radio stations of the "North" type provided radio communication at a distance of up to 500 km, and with carefully selected radio frequencies and good transmission of radio waves, virtuoso radio operators often managed to increase their range to 600-700 km.
Radio station "North".Thanks to the constant help of the People's Commissariat and the Main Directorate of Communications of the Red Army, the radio communication network used by the same Central Headquarters of the partisan movement (there, basically, they worked on devices of the "Sever" type), was constantly developing from month to month. If by the beginning of December 1942 the Central Headquarters had 145 operating radio stations, then by the beginning of January 1944 there were already 424, maintaining contact with more than 1,100 partisan detachments. It was also possible to deliver to the "North" the ZAS complexes - classified communications equipment, but it weighed a few more kilograms - so they preferred to speak in a simple cipher, working on a changing schedule, on different waves and on maps with grids for encoding the squares of the location of troops. In general, initially such devices were created for the GRU and the NKVD, but then they began to be transferred to the troops. The beginning of production - 1941 It was produced even in besieged Leningrad.
Several types of A-7 infantry radio stations - in the photo there are three radio stations with different appearance, usually they also needed a set of batteries.Complete set of radio station A-7-A in a wooden box.
The A-7-A radio station is a modification of the A-7 infantry VHF radio station. Powered by dry batteries BAS-80 (two pieces) and a 2NKN-10 battery. It was supplied to the troops from the beginning of 1944. It was intended for communication in the networks of rifle regiments and artillery divisions. With its help, it was possible to conduct radio negotiations from a command or observation post even through a telephone connected to the radio station by a wire line up to 2 km long (this so that the command post where it was located would not be attacked by enemy artillery by the radio bearing). Moreover, it is "hybrid" - such a thing could work as a telephone for wire communication.
12-RP - shortwave radio station for infantry, model 1941. Consists of separate transmitter and receiver units.
At the beginning of the war, some of the combined-arms commanders overestimated wire communications too much and did not always believe in radio equipment. This attitude towards radio communications at the beginning of the war received a very apt definition - "radio fear". Unfortunately, many commanders and officers of the headquarters of rifle units and formations suffered from this "disease" in 1941-1942. Even the front headquarters officers continued to regard the telephone as the main means of communication for a long time after the outbreak of the war. Breaking the line for them was often tantamount to losing communication with subordinate troops. For organizational and technical reasons, the potential of radio communications in the Red Army was far from being fully used. True, radio fear was not observed in aviation, in armored and mechanized troops, as well as in the Navy.
The RSB-F military shortwave radio transmitter is a land-based transmitter from the bomber's HF radio set (RSB). The beginning of production - 1940. It was used as a pathogen in powerful radio stations of the RAF-KV-3 type, or as an independent radio station RSB-F with receivers US or KS-2. The RSB-F radio stations could be mounted in cars, in carts, snowmobiles or in transportable boxes. This was corrected by decisive measures - in 1942, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief decided to introduce personal radio stations for commanders and commanders. Wherever the front commander or the army commander is, his personal radio station must always be with him. Together with the radio operators, an officer of the operational department and a cipher officer must have been at the radio station. This decision was very important and played a big role in improving command and control. And already in the second half of the war, cases of underestimation of radio communications or misuse of various means of communication were rare.
Combined arms radio station for rifle and artillery regiments 13-R. Due to the rapid offensive of the motorized infantry and tank forces of Germany in the first war months, the main factories that produced communications equipment (in Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov) were evacuated and were able to start production only in 1942. Therefore, all the measures that were carried out to develop communications, in relation to material and technical support, were carried out partly due to the mobilization of internal resources, partly due to the evacuated property. The Red Army felt a very great need for communications, but the industry temporarily did not supply them. How did they find a way out? In civilian communications establishments, telephone and telegraph sets were removed, portable telegraph stations were taken away, and all this was sent to the Red Army.
UNA-F-31 is a field telephone with a phonic call, model 1931. It appeared as a result of the improvement of the UNA-F-28 apparatus. With this phone, the Red Army entered the Great Patriotic War. Another extremely common type of communication on the battlefield is wired telephones. Now it seems that this is complete old, especially for the younger generation living in the age of mobile communications. But do not underestimate this type of communication - in the absence of any infrastructure (especially base stations cellular communications), literally "in the field" such telephones allow secretly control of troops (you can eavesdrop on a telephone conversation only by connecting to the cable directly), they cannot be tracked, and by the activity of their use it is impossible to form an idea of possible actions of troops (defense, offensive, readiness for breakthrough, etc.
TABIP-1 is a telephone set of 1941 model with an inductor call, without power supplies. The principle of operation of the device is based on Bell's scheme, in which the transmission of speech occurred due to the EMF created in the line by a reversible electromagnetic cap of the telephone receiver.
In addition, these are inexpensive, mobile and highly functional systems that are mutually compatible with each other. And practically any sergeant with a secondary technical education who has completed a short course in handling such "hardware" can operate a field telephone.
Military telephones TAI-43 (a field telephone of the system with an inductor call, model 1943, it was produced in wooden boxes throughout the war) and UNA-FI-43 (had an increased range). They were used for telephone communication between large military headquarters via telegraph lines (simultaneously with the work of the telegraph), as well as for communication where it was necessary to use both phonic and inductor calls).Field switch PK-10 for ten subscribers in a protective casing - usually used at the command post of a rifle or artillery regiment. 71-TK-1 - tank KV-transmitter of the 1933 model from the set of the 71-TK-1 radio station, which provided two-way communication on armored objects - for example, such devices were installed on Soviet BT-7 tanks. Separate transmitter and receiver units. "Baby-T" - a tank receiver, could be installed on armored vehicles of the rank and file.
Tank walkie-talkies usually consisted of two units - a receiver and a transmitter, power was supplied from the tank's on-board network through a special converter (umformer). Such radio stations were mainly used by subunit commanders - orders given by them had to be carried out unconditionally. In addition, the transmission of such radio stations was circular - all at the same time. It is noteworthy that the tank radio stations of the Red Army and the Wehrmacht operated at different frequencies, so the opposing troops could not physically hear each other's orders.
The receiver of the RSI-4A aviation radio station (1941) and the transmitter of the RSI-4 aviation HF radio station.
At the beginning of the war, the newest fighters of the Red Army Air Force found themselves practically without radio communication between themselves, the command posts of the air regiments, as well as the VNOS (air observation, warning and communication) posts, not to mention the air controllers in the ground forces. For the most part, without radio communications, the Air Force fighter regiments entered hostilities in June 1941 - according to the military doctrine of that time, this was not necessary: the main task of the fighters was to cover large masses of attack aircraft and bombers that destroyed enemy airfields to gain air supremacy ...
Receiving points for wire broadcasting in the USSR.At the beginning of World War II, these signs were added to radio receivers in Germany, which could catch many radio stations in Europe.
Translation from German - it seems, not so scary. There was no total confiscation of radio receivers, as in the USSR.
By the way, only such radio points were allowed to have private users in the USSR - each region of the country had its own radio station, and broadcasting was carried out via wired channels. The contour was closed, and besides the official information, it was simply unrealistic to hear any other data through these receiving points. All other receivers were supposed to be handed over at the very beginning of the war - on June 25, 1941, the Politburo issued a decision "On the surrender of radio receiving and transmitting devices by the population." It was formalized as a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. These radios and transmitting devices were subject to delivery within 5 days for temporary storage in view of the fact that they could be used, as stated in the decree, "by enemy elements for purposes aimed at the detriment of Soviet power." Some of these devices were then used to churn out the most common field radio stations for the troops.
By the middle of the war, the situation with radio communications in the Red Army had changed almost completely. As the officers of the radio intelligence regiments of the Wehrmacht units admitted, "the work of Russian radio operators differed in many respects from the work of the British. Russians often changed radio data, used special passwords, worked at high speeds. All this made it difficult to intercept radio transmissions and eavesdrop on Russian radio stations ..."
In addition, during the war in our army, for the first time, numerous communication units of the Reserve of the Supreme Command were created, large headquarters began to widely use mobile units, special-purpose units, personal radio stations of commanders and commanders. All this did not exist before the war. Novelties were also communication through one command authority, the widespread use of telephone communications at all levels of control, radio communication of counter interaction, and communication of rear services over independent networks.
Thus, the success of many operations was ensured through knowledge of the specific situation as a result of constant communication with the troops. It is interesting to note Marshal Vasilevsky that "... there was no urgent need for I. V. Stalin to go to the front, since the Supreme Commander-in-Chief had all the lines of telephone and telegraph communication," and, therefore, he was well informed about the state of affairs at the fronts.
conclusions
Radio communication and field telephone communications during the Second World War, they brought a lot of new things to the tactics of command and control. The tactics of deep breakthroughs, the offensive of large mechanized formations, the release of airborne assault forces into the rear of the enemy - all these measures required providing troops with reliable communications with the command. It is now possible to imagine satellite and tactical radio stations not only in service with various special forces and airborne forces, but also in ordinary motorized rifle units. True, the saturation with modern communications is still low - for example, the system for exchanging tactical information between individual combat vehicles of tank and motorized rifle units in the Russian army has not yet been worked out. Nevertheless, there are many interesting options for "hardware" for organizing the management of units of the armed forces. Therefore, it is doubly interesting how it all began.
In the second part of the essay, we will consider the communications equipment supplied to the USSR during the Second World War under Lend-Lease. In addition, we will also consider the communication devices used in the Wehrmacht troops.
Military communications in Germany were at a high professional level - this was facilitated by the small number of combat vehicles (in comparison with the USSR) and the familiarity of the officer corps with the advantage of command and control of troops using radio communications. Of course, not everything was perfect. However, the "blitzkrieg" tactics that prevailed in the Wehrmacht since the late 1930s was inconceivable without communication between different combat units of the same type of troops (usually tank and motorized rifle), as well as interaction with supporting artillery and aviation units. In the first part of the material, we examined the specifics of telephone and radio communications in the Red Army, and now, in the second part of the material, we will consider the solutions that were used in the Wehrmacht, as well as the equipment that was available to the Red Army units under Lend-Lease.
Communication in the Wehrmacht
Preparing for war, the German command, back in 1936, adopted the doctrine of military radio communications, which determined the nomenclature of radio equipment for various types of troops, their frequency ranges, etc. Radio communication was considered as one of the decisive factors in the superiority of individual armored and motorized units of Germany over similar units of other opponents, therefore the installation of transmitting devices and receiving wireless devices was considered in the aspect of a "large" tactical task, starting from the use within a separate military unit (platoon, company , tank), and to the level of the leadership of the armies.
True, the Germans were by no means original in this matter - the same developments were in the Red Army. Another thing is that in terms of the pace of development of new radio equipment in the pre-war years Germany was significantly ahead of both the USSR and the allies. This was objectively due to the fact that it was in Germany in the early 1930s. Inventions were patented that largely determined the development of radio engineering for many decades.
Knapsack combined-arms all-wave receiver "Berta" - manufactured in 1935.
Field telephone FF-33 - used in the infantry units of the Wehrmacht.
Small field switch for ten users. Infantry portable VHF radio station "Dora-2" - manufactured in 1936.
The Friedrich mobile radio station for the infantry (1940).
Portable VHF infantry radio "Friedrich" (1942) and on the right - SOLDIER-MOTOR for charging batteries in the field (1944).
15-watt combined-arms HF radio station.
The basis of all the armies of the world at that time was rifle and motorized units. At the beginning of the war, at the level of companies and platoons in the Wehrmacht, wearable VHF radios were used - for example, Torn.Fu.d2, which was developed back in 1936 and was successfully used until the very end of the war. However, the operating range of Torn.Fu.d2 (33.8-38 MHz) did not allow direct communication either with tanks or with the new VHF radio stations Feldfu.f that appeared in 1944 (a successful development that served as a prototype for our R-105M) ... In addition, in the Wehrmacht, at the level of platoons and companies, along with radio and telephone communications, the ancient method of communication was preserved - helium communication, when messages were transmitted in Morse code using a mirror during the day, and by a flashlight at night. Quite primitive, but very effective in many cases. In addition, the German infantry battalion had armored personnel carriers with VHF radio stations with a transceiver radius of 3 km and - on the same armored personnel carriers - radio stations for communication with the command. Formally, there were twelve of these armored vehicles in the battalion, in practice, after active battles in the first months and until the end of the war - no more than half.
Left - tank VHF-receiver "Emil" (production - 1936), right - 10-watt tank transmitter "Caesar" (production - 1938). This "bundle" was used to communicate the tanks between themselves and with the commander.
Tank VHF receiver of the surface-to-air channel Ukw.E.d1 (manufactured in 1939), was used to connect tank units with dive bombers and attack aircraft.
Fug17 is an air-to-ground radio station.
30-watt medium wave tank transmitter.
Fu16 - 10-watt radio station for self-propelled guns (for example, "Ferdinand"); on the left - the Heinrich receiver, on the right - the transmitter. Samples of receivers and transmitters for Luftwaffe aircraft (left), airborne receiver for blind landing by radio beam from the airfield.
German pilots actively used radio stations installed on fighters during the war in Spain in 1936. By July 1938, the Bf-109C-1 aircraft had replaced the He-51. The pilots appreciated the new aircraft, which, in addition to a more powerful engine and enhanced armament, had another important advantage - the FuG 7 radio station, which made it possible to ensure the interaction of fighters in a group, as well as receive instructions from the ground. German Ju-87s left a terrible memory of themselves among Soviet infantrymen and tankers. The machines were slow-moving and, generally speaking, were nothing unique - but they brilliantly destroyed targets, since there was a special officer on the ground who guided the planes. In addition, as part of the Junkers unit, two staff aircraft usually flew, which over the radio directed the raid.
VHF radio station "Doretta" - model Kl.Fu.Spr.d. The Germans managed to completely solve the problem of interaction between different types of armed forces only in 1944 with the advent of a small VHF radio station "Doretta" (Kl.Fu.Spr.d) - it had common channels with both tank radio stations and Feldfu.f , and with Torn.Fu.d2. "Doretta" turned out to be really small, it was worn on a waist belt, but for all its diminutiveness, it allowed for confident communication at distances of 1-2 km. True, for this they used a rather long vertical antenna and a heavy battery. It was then that German fighters and front-line dive bombers began to be guided from the ground by a whole network of gunners with just such miniature radio stations.
Receiver for control services Fu.H.E.c (manufactured in 1938).
VHF receiver for control services Fu.H.E.c (production - 1940).
Radio intelligence was also actively used in the German army. For example, special receivers and direction finding stations were in service with radio reconnaissance regiments - in the early 40s and until the end of the war there were eight of them in the Wehrmacht, of which six were sent to the Russian front. In addition, in Berlin, at the headquarters of the German armed forces, there was a radio eavesdropping center - the highest body in charge of radio intelligence. The radio regiment usually consisted of two or three radio reconnaissance groups, a long-range radio reconnaissance company and a short-range radio reconnaissance company. Each company consisted of an eavesdropping platoon (70 people) and a decryption platoon, where people with higher mathematical education served. There was also a platoon of translators (30 people) and a platoon for processing radio intelligence data.
A familiar key, isn't it? About this I studied at the training camp, they retrained the pancake, from the construction battalion to the signalmen)))
Telegraph key from the BODO telegraph set with commutating switchesProduced by Siemens & Halske in St. Petersburg before the revolution and after nationalization. Serial number this model is "3". Railway and other types wired communication Russia, 1920s
Quartz calibrator for calibration of scales of radio transmitting devices (by zero beat).Found in the Novgorod region. Released by factory # 197 in 1940.
Tank radio receiver 71ТК-1Serial number 601, released in 1937. Found in the area of Kingisepp, in the battlefield in 1941. Presumably stood on a BT-5 tank.
Communication means of the Wehrmacht Tank receiver Ukw.E.e.
It was included in the kit of the Fu 5 tank radio station operating in the VHF range of 27-33 MHz. This receiver was released in 1944.
Receiver for special purpose radio station SE 98/3.The radio station was intended to equip reconnaissance groups. Noteworthy are the inscriptions in English. The receiver is made on three low-voltage lamps of the 11th series (turtles) according to the 1-V-1 scheme with a regenerative detector.
Radio Torn.E.b.One of the most famous combined arms receivers for the German army, it was produced practically unchanged until the end of the war. Direct gain receiver 2-V-1 with regenerative detector. This copy was released in 1940.
VEFSUPER M517 is a fixed broadcast receiver. Ranges DV, SV and HF up to
Military communications in Germany were at a high professional level - this was facilitated by the small number of combat vehicles (in comparison with the USSR) and the familiarity of the officer corps with the advantage of commanding troops using radio communications. Of course, not everything was perfect. However, the "blitzkrieg" tactics that prevailed in the Wehrmacht since the late 1930s was inconceivable without communication between various combat units of the same type of troops (usually tank and motorized rifle), as well as interaction with supporting artillery and aviation units. we examined the specifics of telephone and radio communications in the Red Army, and now, in the second part of the material, we will consider the solutions that were used in the Wehrmacht, as well as the equipment that was available to the Red Army units under Lend-Lease.
Communication in the Wehrmacht
Preparing for war, the German command, back in 1936, adopted the doctrine of military radio communications, which determined the nomenclature of radio equipment for various types of troops, their frequency ranges, etc. Radio communication was considered as one of the decisive factors in the superiority of individual armored and motorized units of Germany over similar units of other opponents, therefore the installation of transmitting devices and receiving wireless devices was considered in the aspect of a "large" tactical task, starting from the use within a separate military unit (platoon, company , tank), and to the level of the leadership of the armies.True, the Germans were by no means original in this matter - the same developments were in the Red Army. It is another matter that in terms of the pace of development of new radio equipment in the pre-war years, Germany was significantly ahead of both the USSR and the allies. This was objectively due to the fact that it was in Germany in the early 1930s. Inventions were patented that largely determined the development of radio engineering for many decades.
Knapsack combined-arms all-wave receiver "Berta" - manufactured in 1935.
Field telephone FF-33 - used in the infantry units of the Wehrmacht.
Small field switch for ten users.
After 1933, the German radio industry was able to create more than 1,000 different types of receivers, transmitters and radio stations for all areas of military affairs. But not many copies were used. However, let's be realistic. Although the General Staff of the German Ground Forces formulated two main requirements for saturation of the Wehrmacht - "full motorization and stable radio communication" - in practice they were not fulfilled. Yes, all the Wehrmacht's mobile armored vehicles at the start of the war were radio-equipped (that is, they had a receiver), but this was organized for the simple reason that there were not so many of them (several thousand Wehrmacht tanks against tens of thousands in the Red Army). In addition, the "feedback" of this "tank avalanche" and, consequently, operational control, was a bit tough. The situation was even worse with the interaction with infantry and artillery - it was also in a limited mode, since tank and infantry units, for example, used different non-overlapping frequencies and were forced to operate through higher headquarters. In addition, the transition to radio communications was psychologically difficult for German officers. At one time, Chief of General Staff Beck asked Guderian: "How are they going to lead the battle, having neither a table with maps, nor a telephone?"
Infantry portable VHF radio station "Dora-2" - manufactured in 1936.
The Friedrich mobile radio station for the infantry (1940).
Portable VHF infantry radio "Friedrich" (1942) and on the right - a soldier-motor for charging batteries in the field (1944).
The basis of all the armies of the world at that time was rifle and motorized units. At the beginning of the war, at the level of companies and platoons in the Wehrmacht, wearable VHF radio stations were used - for example, Torn.Fu.d2, which was developed back in 1936 and was successfully used until the very end of the war. However, the operating range of Torn.Fu.d2 (33.8-38 MHz) did not allow direct communication either with tanks or with the new VHF radio stations Feldfu.f that appeared in 1944 (a successful development that served as a prototype for our R-105M) ... In addition, in the Wehrmacht, at the level of platoons and companies, along with radio and telephone communications, the ancient method of communication was preserved - helium communication, when messages were transmitted in Morse code during the day with the help of a mirror, and at night with a flashlight. Quite primitive, but very effective in many cases. In addition, the German infantry battalion had armored personnel carriers with VHF radio stations with a transceiver radius of 3 km and - on the same armored personnel carriers - radio stations for communication with the command. Formally, there were twelve of these armored vehicles in the battalion, in practice, after active battles in the first months and until the end of the war - no more than half.
Left - tank VHF-receiver "Emil" (production - 1936), right - 10-watt tank transmitter "Caesar" (production - 1938). This "bundle" was used to communicate the tanks with each other and with the commander.
Tank VHF receiver of the surface-to-air channel Ukw.E.d1 (manufactured in 1939), was used to connect tank units with dive bombers and attack aircraft.
Fug17 is an air-to-ground radio station.
30-watt medium wave tank transmitter.
Fu16 - 10-watt radio station for self-propelled guns (for example, "Ferdinand"); on the left - the Heinrich receiver, on the right - the transmitter.
An extremely interesting option has been developed and used to communicate with various types of troops since 1939. For example, in addition to the 10-watt Fu 5 radios, which provided communication between German tanks in the 27-33 MHz range, command tanks and armored personnel carriers were additionally equipped with 20-watt Fu 7 radios, which operated in the 42-48 MHz range and were intended to communicate with by airplanes. On the planes, for communication with tanks, FuG 17 radio stations were installed (usually the station was installed on the command plane of a squadron of dive bombers). Thus, the commander of a tank battalion could calmly, acting on the battlefield, call and coordinate the work of several combat squadrons in real mode on the principle of "destroy the battery at the edge of the forest to the left of my battle formations!" These radios were installed on Pz.Bef.Wg tanks. III, V, VI, VI B Tiger II, 35 (t), Pz. Beow. IV, armored vehicles Sd.Kfz. 250/3 and 251/3, Sd Kfz. 260. In theory, each tank regiment could direct aircraft for its breakthrough. In the tank troops of the Red Army, everything was different - only the observation post of the division commander had direct telegraph communication via the ST-35 terminal with assault aircraft interacting with the army, which was rare, usually it was supported through the front headquarters or the headquarters of the air army attached to it.
Samples of receivers and transmitters for Luftwaffe aircraft (left), airborne receiver for blind landing from the airfield.
German pilots actively used radio stations installed on fighters during the war in Spain in 1936. By July 1938, the Bf-109C-1 aircraft had replaced the He-51. The pilots appreciated the new aircraft, which, in addition to a more powerful engine and enhanced armament, had another important advantage - the FuG 7 radio station, which made it possible to ensure the interaction of fighters in a group, as well as receive instructions from the ground. German Ju-87s left a terrible memory of themselves among Soviet infantrymen and tankers. The machines were slow-moving and, generally speaking, were nothing unique - but they brilliantly destroyed targets, since there was a special officer on the ground who guided the planes. In addition, as part of the Junkers unit, two staff aircraft usually flew, which over the radio directed the raid.
VHF radio station "Doretta" - model Kl.Fu.Spr.d.
The Germans managed to completely solve the problem of interaction between different types of armed forces only in 1944 with the advent of a small VHF radio station "Doretta" (Kl.Fu.Spr.d) - it had common channels with both tank radio stations and Feldfu.f , and with Torn.Fu.d2. "Doretta" turned out to be really small, it was worn on a waist belt, but for all its diminutiveness, it allowed for confident communication at distances of 1-2 km. True, for this they used a rather long vertical antenna and a heavy battery. It was then that German fighters and front-line dive bombers began to be guided from the ground by a whole network of gunners with just such miniature radio stations.
Receiver for control services Fu.H.E.c (manufactured in 1938).
VHF receiver for control services Fu.H.E.c (production - 1940).
Radio intelligence was also actively used in the German army. For example, special receivers and direction finding stations were in service with radio reconnaissance regiments - in the early 40s and until the end of the war there were eight of them in the Wehrmacht, of which six were sent to the Russian front. In addition, in Berlin, at the headquarters of the German armed forces, there was a radio eavesdropping center - the highest body in charge of radio intelligence. The radio regiment usually consisted of two or three radio reconnaissance groups, a long-range radio reconnaissance company and a short-range radio reconnaissance company. Each company consisted of an eavesdropping platoon (70 people) and a decryption platoon, where people with higher mathematical education served. There was also a platoon of translators (30 people) and a platoon for processing radio intelligence data.
Lend-Lease radio equipment
The Americans were doing much better with communications, and they were well aware of the Germans' achievements in the field of radio frequency materials and technologies. In addition, by the beginning of the war, both in the United States and in England, by the beginning of the war, a lot of models of equipment for military communications were produced. The supply of such equipment to the USSR was an important part of the supply under the lend-lease agreement.
V-100-B - provided radio communications in the "regiment-battalion" link.
A set for remote control of transmitting and receiving radio stations at a distance of up to 3 km.
The Red Army was very rescued by the supply of automobile 400-watt radio stations. The Americans first sent them along with the cars. Then the equipment changed - they began to pack in large boxes, each of which was packed with a body with a radio station without a car. The Americans themselves supplied the cars via a different line. The Red Army also received these vehicles and installed radio stations on them - they were widely used at the level of the headquarters of armies and divisions. The V-100 and BC-654 portable HF radios, equipped with hand-held generators ("soldier-motors"), were used for communication in the division-regiment and regiment-battalion links. Our veterans are well aware of the American SCR-274N aircraft radio sets, consisting of separate oblong aluminum blocks, and the WS 19 Mk II tank stations, developed in England and manufactured in the USA and Canada.
Compact infantry radio station in a knapsack design.
The prototype of the modern "mobile phone" - a 3-4 km radio station for communication with artillery - was widely used in the United States during the war in the Pacific Ocean for communication with landing ships and fire support; it was not supplied to the USSR.
But the mass deliveries to the USSR of American-made equipment intended for radio communication on the front line, i.e. at the level of companies and platoons, not marked. Although such means of communication in the American army in the 1940s. have already been.
Chargers for recharging batteries in the field.
Charging units - the so-called. soldier motors 3- and 5-kilowatt. They were supplied under Lend-Lease very generously - at first, the Red Army at first did not even know what to do with them, i.e. could not use them all, there was such a mass.
