The first thing to do in the process of preparing for the USE in 2020 is to study the dictionary of paronyms with meanings from FIPI. This is a list of paronyms used in preparation for
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Subscription
Subscriber
Subscription- the right to use something (or a document granting this right) for a certain period: a subscription to the pool.
Subscriber– a person or institution holding a subscription: a telephone network subscriber.
Destination- the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient).
Addresser- the person or organization sending the postal item (sender).
Artistic- pertaining to the artist; intended for the artist; peculiar to the artist, the artist, characteristic of him.
Artistic- Distinguished by artistry, artistic taste.
Poor- Possessing a very meager income, poor or indigent; deficient in something, meager; unfortunate, arousing compassion, pity.
Disastrous- full of disasters, deprivations.
Meek- not receiving, not giving an answer, a response to something; unable to object, contradict, very meek.
Irresponsible- not bearing or unaware of responsibility.
Marshy- abounding in swamps, swampy; swampy like a swamp.
Bolotny- related to the swamp, characteristic of it; intended for work in the swamp, movement in the swamp, etc.; living, growing in a swamp.
Grateful- feeling or experiencing gratitude.
thanksgiving- containing, containing gratitude, gratitude: a letter of thanks, a telegram.
Charitable- with the aim of providing material assistance to those in need.
Beneficial- useful, having a good effect.
Experienced- Seen and experienced a lot.
Former- currently not in any position.
former- past, past.
Reckless- done without thought or reasoning.
Beloved- beloved, dear.
boundless- huge, boundless, boundless.
inhale- each individual intake of air into the lungs, each individual inhalation: a deep breath.
Sigh- Strengthened inhalation and exhalation: a sigh escaped.
century- living, existing for centuries, for a very long time, unchanged, constant: centuries-old oaks, centuries-old forest; age-old traditions, customs;
Eternal- infinite in time, having neither beginning nor end, not ceasing to exist, indefinite, without term. - eternal human values,
eternal problems.
Great- surpassing any level, outstanding. Great composer, great musician.
Majestic- full of grandeur, solemn beauty, having large dimensions. A majestic building, a majestic monument.
Replenish- reimburse.
Supplement- to add new data to what others have said, to make it more complete by adding to something.
Top up- increase by adding something new to something existing
Hostile- full of hostility, hatred.
Hostile- pertaining to the enemy, the enemy, the enemy.
Benefit benefit, advantage.
profitability- availability of benefits; positivity that leaves a good impression.
extradition- issued money, goods.
recoil- the same as the coefficient of efficiency, benefit.
Broadcast- something that is given to someone; transfer process.
Distribution- to give something to many.
Pay- giving money to compensate for something.
Payment- a fee paid for something money.
Pay- monetary compensation, compensation for something.
Payment– reimbursement: payment of tax
pay out- to pay a fee, to pay in full.
Pay- to give in return for something, to repay.
Pay- to pay for something.
repay- to do, to do something in response to someone's act.
pay- the same as paying
Grow- caring, to ensure the growth, development of someone or something, to nurture.
build up- to promote the growth of something, to lengthen; grow in any quantity; accumulate.
Grow- to give the opportunity to achieve in the growth of any size, size.
Tall- large in length or far located in the direction from bottom to top; exceeding the average level, average norm, significant; distinguished by value, honorable, important; sublime in content, very significant, solemn, not ordinary; very good in quality, excellent; about sounds: thin, sonorous, caused by vibrations of high frequency.
high-altitude– extending above a known limit; caused by high altitude; produced or used at high altitude (air); about architectural structures: very high, multi-storey.
Warranty- adjective to the noun guarantee. Containing a guarantee, serving as a guarantee.
Guaranteed- participle from the verb guarantee. Secured.
Harmonic- pertaining to harmony; based on the principles of harmony.
Harmonious- containing elements of harmony; having consistency, coherence, mutual correspondence of different qualities of objects, phenomena, parts of the whole
Clay- made of clay. Clay pot.
Clayey- containing clay. Clay soil.
one year old- at the age of one year; lain, lasted a year.
Annual- related to the whole year; resulting by the end of the year, as a result for the year; calculated for a year. Annual - for a period of one year, one-year.
Pride- self-esteem, self-esteem, a sense of satisfaction from success; an overly high opinion of oneself.
Pride- excessive pride.
Humanism- the progressive movement of the Renaissance; attitude towards people, imbued with love for a person and concern for his welfare.
Humanity- a property based on the meaning of the adjective humane.
Humanistic- an adjective to the nouns humanism and humanist.
Humanitarian- addressed to the human person, to the rights and interests of a person; relating to the social sciences that study man and his culture.
Humane- humane, philanthropic, imbued with love for a person, respect for the individual.
Binary– based on counting by twos (pairs): binary system.
Double- twice as large: double portion; double care; consisting of two pieces, parts: double lining; double bottom.
Dual- leaning in one direction and the other; contradictory: ambivalent attitude, opinion, feeling, behavior.
twofold- having two kinds, two forms, two meanings.
double– something made double.
doubled- enlarged, doubled.
Effective- capable of influencing, active: effective help.
Valid- real, authentic; valid: ticket, real life.
current- performing actions, being in action.
Businesslike- sensible, serious, enterprising: a businesslike worker; businesslike look; businesslike walk.
Business- related to official activities, work: business conversation, meeting.
efficient- capable of serious work: efficient worker,; serious, noteworthy: a practical project.
Delyachesky- which is based on narrow practicality, losing sight of the social side of the matter.
Democratic- containing elements of democracy, democracy, simple, relating to the people.
Democratic- based on the principles of democracy, realizing democracy, reflecting it, belonging to it. (Used in terminological phrases)
Dictation- written work, consisting in writing down the dictated text.
Diktat- a requirement, an instruction dictated by one strong side and imposed for unconditional fulfillment by another, weak side.
Diploma student- a person awarded a diploma for successful performance at a competition, festival, etc.; student preparing graduation thesis.
Diplomat– An official engaged in diplomatic activities, work in the field of foreign relations; about a person acting subtly, skillfully.
Diplomatic- related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post).
Diplomatic- subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).
Long- having a large length, length; longer than necessary; about the person: tall.; slowly stretching.
Long- long-term.
solid- benign, durable: good-quality goods, suit, house;
Kind- doing good, bringing good, close, noble: a kind person, character.
Confidential- showing confidence in someone, something: a confidential tone, voice, gesture, look.
Confiding- easily trusting; based on trust: gullible child, beast, disposition.
Rain associated with rain, caused by rain, bringing rain; designed to protect from rain.
Rainy- plentiful rain. Rainy season, year.
Dramatic- pertaining to drama about the singer's voice: strong, somewhat sharp in timbre, in contrast to the lyrical one.
Dramatic- containing elements of drama, tension, expressing strong, deep feelings, feelings; designed for effect, pompous.
Friendly- related to a friend, belonging to him, characterizing the relationship of friends.
Friendly- mutually benevolent, based on friendliness, expressing disposition (mainly about states, peoples and relations between them).
friendly- bound by friendship, mutual agreement, occurring simultaneously, in concert.
Unit- only one, the only one; separate, segregated, individual.
The only one- only one, such, besides which there is no other; exceptional. One - common, identical, one for all, possessing internal unity.
Desired- very expected, constituting the object of desire; dear, dear.
Desirable- necessary for something, corresponding to someone's desires, interests, expectations.
Hard- hard, rough (about the subject): hard tissue; strict, unconditional: rigidity of measures, character, games; hardness in the voice.
Cruel- pitiless, pitiless prone to cruelty.
Vital- relating to life: living conditions, contradictions; life experience, process, path; close to life, to reality: life image, story; important for life, socially necessary: vital question.
worldly- ordinary, characteristic of everyday life: everyday chores, everyday life, little things.
Housing- adjective for the noun dwelling.
Residential- intended for housing.
to block- put up a fence, a fence, obscure, close.
fence- surround with a fence.
fence- protect, preserve.
fence off- to separate, putting a fence, a partition.
block off- divided by a partition, something blocking.
Underestimate- to make it lower than normal, necessary, to make it lower than necessary.
Downgrade- make it lower move to a lower, less responsible position.
reduce- make low, lower, lower height.
Pay- 1) pay a fee for something, 2) repay (answer). Usage examples: pay for purchases, for work, for services, for a ticket, for travel; to pay with good for good (note: after the word pay, a noun or pronoun is used in V. p. with the preposition for).
pay out- pay for something. Usage examples: pay a salary, pay interest on a debt, pay off a mortgage loan.
repay- to do something in response to someone's act, to take revenge. Usage examples: repay with ingratitude, repay evil for good, repay hospitality, repay with care and care.
Pay- pay for something. Usage examples: pay expenses, pay bills, pay for services.
Fill- take it entirely enter the required information into something.
Fill- to make full, busy, saturated with something.
overflow- overfill.
initiator- the one who conceives something, lays the foundation for something.
instigator- the one who incites to start, starts something unseemly.
Animal- adjective to the noun beast; inherent in the beast, peculiar to the beast; cruel, ferocious; overly strong.
Brutal- peculiar to the beast, bestial; cruel, ferocious, wild; very strong, extreme.
Sound- perceived by the ear, consisting of sounds.
Sonorous- making loud, clear sounds.
Visual- pertaining to vision intended for spectators; one that looks at something.
spectator- pertaining to the viewer, peculiar to him.
Inventive- resourceful, quick to invent, able to invent.
inventive pertaining to invention, to an inventor.
Informative- carrying information, saturated with information.
Informational- pertaining to information.
Information- informing; reporting on the state of affairs, events; information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person or special devices.
Awareness- awareness, the degree of knowledge of information.
Ironic- related to irony as a stylistic device.
ironic- containing elements of irony, used for the purpose of ridicule.
Artful- skillful, well-versed in his work; skillfully, well done.
Artificial- not natural, unnatural, made like a real, natural, unnatural.
Executive- having as its task the execution of decisions, decrees, practically exercising control over something; diligent, accurate and well performing duties, assignments.
Performing- relating to the performer, to the performance of any artistic (musical, literary, dramatic) work.
original- initial, starting.
Outgoing- sent from the institution.
Rocky- rich in stone: soil.
Stone- made of stone.
Comfortable- providing comfort, peace of mind,
Comfortable- meeting all the requirements of comfort.
equestrian- associated with horses; operating with horses.
Horse- belonging to a horse, related to him, horse.
Stocky- body type (short, strong, muscular).
Root- original, primordial, permanent, main; concerning the very foundations, the roots of something, decisive, the most important; main, central, core.
Root- pertaining to the root of a plant; which is a root, consisting of a root, roots.
Bone- adjective to the noun bone; mined from bones.
Bone- made of bone, obtained from the bones of animals.
Colorful- bright, juicy. Coloring - participle from the verb to paint; containing paint, used for coloring.
Painted- treated with paint.
Varnished- varnished; polished, outwardly shiny, smooth.
Lacquer- adjective to the noun varnish; lacquered (made of leather, wood, papier-mâché or lacquered metal).
Ice- consisting of ice, ice; situated on the ice; occurring in the ice.
Ice- adjective to the noun ice; consisting of ice, covered with ice; very cold (cold as ice); extremely restrained, contemptuously cold, destroying.
Wooded- heavily wooded.
Forest- adjective to the noun forest; located in the forest, living, growing in the forest; covered with forests; relating to forestry.
personal- pertaining to personality.
Private- belonging to a certain person; belonging to the individual; affecting the interests of any person.
Microscopic- produced using a microscope; distinguishable, visible only under a microscope.
microscopic- very small in size, size, volume.
Frozen- frozen.
Freezer- intended for freezing.
Frosty- related to frost as a natural phenomenon.
put on- cover the body with clothes (i.e. put on oneself): put on a coat, hat; with the pretext "on" put on yourself and on someone: put a backpack on your back,
covered furniture.
Dress up- to cover someone with clothes: to dress a child.
Availability– presence, existence: to be present.
Availability- the amount of something at a given time; money available.
Reminder- words to remind.
Mention- words relating to someone, not spoken on purpose, but in passing.
Ignorant- a rude, ill-mannered person.
ignoramus- uneducated, ignorant person.
Intolerable- one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold).
Intolerant- one that cannot be tolerated: intolerable situation, behavior; devoid of tolerance, not considering other people's opinions: an intolerant person; intolerant of others' success.
Impatient- not having the patience to wait for someone or something
Unsuccessful- accompanied by, ending in failure; unsatisfactory, not what it should be.
Unfortunate- haunted by misfortune.
accused- the one who is found guilty.
accusatory- containing an accusation, expressing condemnation.
snippet- a torn off, torn piece, separate, incoherent, disparate parts of something.
excerpt- a part isolated from a work, from a narrative.
embrace- concluding between outstretched hands, fingers, paws, etc., tightly press someone to yourself: the mother hugged the child; the wrestler grabbed the opponent.
Reach- surround, compress; enclose within one's own limits, embrace, envelop: (covered) the neck.
Restrict- put in some kind of framework, boundaries, define some conditions.
delimit- separate, separate.
demarcate- to divide, denoting the boundaries; define exactly by separating one from the other.
Hail- an exclamation with which they call out, i.e. shouting, stop or call.
Response- response to a call, appeal; reflection, trace, vestige of something.
Organic- organism; characterized by life processes, alive; formed as a result of the decomposition of animal and plant organisms.
Organic- due to the very essence of something, organically inherent in someone or something.
Qualifying- an employee for the selection of someone, something: qualifying match, tournament; selection committee.
selective- selected, the best in quality: selected goods, flax, coal; obscene: selective abuse, abuse.
Deviation- rejection, rejection of something, abnormality, strangeness in behavior.
Evasion- moving to the side to avoid something; deviation from the direct direction.
Distinguish- establish a distinction, a boundary between something; stand out from others.
Distinguish- to recognize, to distinguish between something.
difference- a sign that creates a difference between something.
Difference difference, dissimilarity between something.
Retentive- having a good memory: a memoryful person, a student.
Memorable- preserved in memory, unforgettable: memorable date, meeting, trip; commemorative year; serving to remember; reminders, memory book, commemorative badge.
endure- to endure a lot; endure, overcome.
endure- to endure a lot (hardships); be reworked and changed.
Purchasing- pertaining to the opportunity to buy.
Purchasing- pertaining to the buyer, belonging to him.
Popular- understandable, accessible, uncomplicated in presentation; widely known, public sympathy.
populist- appealing to the broad masses and promising them a quick and easy solution to acute social problems.
venerable- inspiring respect, deserving of it; big, significant.
Respectful- Respectful to someone, showing respect.
Practical– relating to the field of practice; necessary for practice; instilling skill, skills; relating to real needs.
Practical- experienced, well versed in life affairs; convenient, suitable for business, profitable, economical.
Provide- give at the disposal, use, provide an apartment, loan, credit, freedom, word, opportunity; to give the right, the opportunity to do: to give a case to be resolved, to dispute, to determine the price.
Imagine- deliver, present, report: submit a report, project; introduce: introduce a guest, lecturer; to nominate, to propose: to present for an award, for an order, for a title, for a prize; See also: cause, create: this presents no difficulty.
Representative- making a favorable impression (representative appearance), authoritative; respectful, important, imposing.
Executive- elective (representative body) related to representation, representative (representative expenses).
Recognized- is generally accepted.
Grateful- experiencing, expressing gratitude.
Productive- bringing positive results, creating any values in the process of labor, productive, fruitful.
Grocery- intended for food products, associated with the trade or storage of products.
Productive- bringing obvious results, creating some value, productive.
Industrial- related to production; engaged in production, involved in production.
Performance- an indicator of production efficiency that characterizes the output per unit of resources used, factors of production; quotient of dividing the volume of production by the value of the cost of resources for a given volume of production.
enlightening- an employee for education, spreading education.
educational- related to enlightenment, enlightener, characteristic of them.
journalistic- pertaining to journalism, to a publicist.
journalistic- touching on topical socio-political issues.
shy- fearful, frightened; expressing fear.
scared- one who is often frightened or who is very frightened.
Irritation- a state of excitement, agitation, a feeling of acute discontent, annoyance, a cell reaction to external influences.
Irritability- a property of the individual.
rhythmic- pertaining to rhythm, subordinate to it.
Rhythmic something that repeats at regular intervals.
Romantic- relating to romanticism as a direction in literature and art and as an artistic method; characteristic of romance; full of romance; emotionally elevated, attracting with its mystery.
Romantic- containing elements of romanticism, mystery, dreaminess.
Secretive- not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank.
Hidden- secret, not revealed explicitly.
Vocabulary- consisting of words; related to vocabulary.
Verbal- oral.
Resistance- countering the onslaught, attack, impact.
Resistance- the ability to resist, the degree of resistance.
Neighboring- located near, next to someone, in the neighborhood.
Neighboring- pertaining to a neighbor, belonging to him.
Comparable- one that can be compared.
Comparative- establishing similarities or differences, comparative; based on comparison.
Stage- pertaining to the scene; associated with the theater, theatrical art, theatrical activities.
scenic- suitable for the stage, for theatrical performance, having the properties necessary for the stage.
Technical- related to technology, associated with it, with its scientific development; used in industry; relating to the maintenance of equipment of any production; acting only at the direction of the head, not responsible.
technical- possessing skill, high technology; performed with great skill, skill (in sports, art).
Lucky- happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer).
Successful- successful (good day).
Humiliated- the one who was humiliated; expressing humiliation, showing humiliation.
Humiliating- offensive to someone's dignity, pride.
Actual- valid, corresponding to the facts; real.
Factual- corresponding to reality, facts, requirements of accuracy.
Predatory- characteristic of a predator, predatory .; mismanaged, unplanned, pursuing the goals of immediate profit, enrichment.
Predatory– about animals: eating animals; greedy, full of desire to take possession of someone, to capture something, and also expressing such a desire; like a predator.
Royal- related to the king, luxurious, rich belonging to him; pertaining to the political regime of a monarchy headed by a king.
Regal- distinguished by majesty, significance in scope.
Reigning- performing the duties of the king; the same as reigning (high) preeminent, superior to all in some respect.
Whole- all without exception, full: a whole piece, a glass; significant, large: a whole pile of papers; a range of questions; unharmed: all things are intact.
Whole- from one substance, piece, solid: one-piece slab; solid granite.
Holistic- possessing internal unity: theory.
Economic- relating to the economy, economic.
Economical- giving the opportunity to save something, profitable.
Economical- thrifty spending something, respecting the savings; requiring moderate expenses, promoting economy, modest in expenses.
Aesthetic- related to aesthetics (the science of beauty in art and in life, about the general laws of artistic creativity); associated with the creation and perception of beauty.
aesthetic- beautiful, graceful; containing elements of aesthetics.
Ethical- related to ethics (science, the object of study of which is morality); conforming to the requirements of morality.
Ethical– admissible from the point of view of the requirements of ethics (norms of behavior).
Effective- giving effect, effective.
Spectacular- producing effect, impressive. effective method, effective solution, spectacular costumes.
Efficiency- efficiency, effectiveness.
Effectiveness- catchiness, the ability to impress.
Decide with answers.
FULL analysis of task 5 FOR exam-2018
In Russian
Test your strength: solve without delving into the theory!
Task Formulation:
WRONG chosen word.
1. Malyuta Skuratov, the favorite guardsman of Ivan the Terrible, was distinguished by a sharp mind, cruelty and PREDATORY glitter of eyes.
2. ICE the palace, built on the orders of Anna Ioannovna in St. Petersburg, became the venue for the clownish wedding.
3. In The Tale of Bygone Years, Nestor describes UNSUCCESSFUL 1185 campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsy.
4. Mitrofan, the main character of Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth", ¾ a classic example Ignorant in Russian literature
5. In 1957 the first ARTIFICIAL the satellite of the Earth, invented by Korolev, was launched into space.
Check yourself: find out the right one
the answer is on the next page!
| X | AND | SCH | H | S | M |
*Explanation: predatory ¾ greedy exploiting others (about a person): predatory eye gleam, predatory official;
Predatory ¾ oppressive, robbing someone: predatory habits, predatory tendencies.
What is the secret to success in problem 5?
1. It is important to remember that paronyms¾ are words similar in sound, but having different lexical meaning: addresser ¾ addressee, put on ¾ put on, etc..
2. Members of paronymic pairs are in different words.
* For example, you need to determine in what meaning in a sentence instead of a word ETERNAL need to use CENTURY?
1) Petya Trofimov was called " ETERNAL student."
2) ETERNAL oak struck us with its beauty and grandeur.
3) Documents were prepared for archiving for ETERNAL storage.
4) Compassion and humanity are ETERNAL life values.
How to learn to distinguish paronyms?
1) Need formulate lexical meaning of each word, find synonyms:
· century ¾ living, existing for centuries, very long;
· Eternal ¾ endless in time, without beginning or end.
2) Compose with these paronyms phrases so that there is no doubt about the choice of the word:
· Age-old oak (oak living age), secular traditions (traditions that have been around for a very long time)
· Eternal values (unchanged), eternal student (constant), eternal storage (perpetual)
! Necessarily read information from "dictionary of paronyms" to be fully equipped for the exam !
THE MOST COMPLETE dictionary of paronyms for the exam
Be sure to remember a couple of the most popular paronyms!
Now try to solve problem number 5 again!
Task Formulation:
One of the suggestions below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. write down chosen word.
Task number 1.
1. Flooding from jam-type floods, which depend little on the water level of the year, should be EXPECT in April and May.
2. There is a proven method for cleaning short pile fur: dirty fur should be wiped with hot mashed potatoes, and then carefully shake off.
3. The greatest misunderstanding of Moscow SUBSCRIPTIONS causes the need to pay a subscription fee for the use of the line.
4. The new company was registered under beautiful, SOUND name.
5. Under it HARD everything looked out of place.
Task number 2.
1. To prepare a marinade for fish baked in coals, you need SHAKE OFF seeds from four to five cardamom pods, add a pinch of saffron and grind them in a mortar and salt.
2. The girl with a sharp movement threw back her bangs from her forehead and unexpectedly calmly and CONFIDENTLY looked Alexis in the eye.
3. ISSUE skates are made if the visitor of the rink has a passport or any other document that can be left as a pledge.
4. Analysts say that in the coming year, the securities market can EXPECT significant changes.
5. CHOOSE one direction or another, navigate strictly by compass.
Check yourself!
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In 2018, the Unified State Examination in the Russian language will remain mandatory and the first subject that graduates will take. Analyzing the work of students from schools and lyceums who took the unified state exam in the 2016-2017 academic year, independent experts noted that very often the examinees made mistakes in task No. 5 (pictured), which requires a good knowledge of paronymic pairs.
According to the dates set in the draft OGE schedule, literature exams should be held on the following dates:
Paronyms and all about them
Paronyms are words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech and are similar in sound, but at the same time have different lexical meanings. In Russian, such words form paronymic pairs (forest - wooded; melody - melody; now - now; addressee - addressee; dress - put on) and rows (issue - return - distribution - transfer).
The fifth task of the USE 2018 is aimed at checking how well future applicants know paronyms and understand where and when to use them correctly in combination with different words.
Paronyms can be different parts of speech:
- nouns;
- adjectives;
- Verbs;
- adverbs.
Linguists of the Russian Federation, using a specially designed program, were able to compile the largest dictionary of paronyms, which included 1100 rows of paronyms containing from 2 to 7 words. A complete dictionary of paronyms can be found on the site paronymonline.ru, but in the USE 2018, according to FIPI, only 124 pairs (rows) were used, understanding and using most of which is not particularly difficult for native speakers. Graduates living in regions where Russian is not the main language outside the educational institution should pay attention to this topic when preparing for the Unified State Examination 2018, make a list, remember the meaning that paronyms have and their phraseological turns in which they occur.
Since not all existing paronyms can be found in the USE 2018. Recommends to work out the couples that are on the FIPI list.
How to remember paronymic pairs
In task number 5, you will need to find a sentence in which the paronym is used incorrectly and correct the error, i.e. specify which word to use in the context of the sentence. There are no ready-made options in the USE 2017 and 2018, which means that you need to know the paronyms with their explanations, and for most, when preparing, it will not be enough just to compile a dictionary by filling it with pairs of words. It is precisely the understanding of their meanings and their correct application that comes to the fore.
Of course, you can take a ready-made list of FIPI and work out all the paronyms that can be found in the USE 2018, find out their meaning. Experienced teachers who annually prepare graduates for final tests have long created their own dictionaries, which provide not only the meaning, but also an example of the use of paronyms. We offer you one of these convenient and accessible explanations of the difference between such words.
Teachers who teach Russian and effectively prepare students for the USE recommend that graduates of 2018 do not memorize a dictionary of paronyms, but memorize words in the context of sentences or set phrases. So it is much easier to build a logical chain "word - meaning - application".
Also watch the video lesson, which analyzes in detail the implementation of the 5th task of the USE ticket in the Russian language.
The secret to successfully passing the exam in the Russian language is high-quality preparation with a thorough study of each type of task that the graduate will encounter during the examination work.
Like last year, tickets will include a paronym task. The topic "paronymic pairs" is studied in the school course of the Russian language, but many students have time to thoroughly forget it by the time of the final exams, which is confirmed by the large number of mistakes made by graduates in task No. 5.
We will tell you what paronyms are, you need to know about such pairs for the successful passing of the exam for 2019 graduates, and we will also help you understand the features of the topic and tell you where to find a list of words that FIPI experts use when compiling exam tickets.
The Russian language is unique and rather complex in its structure. Words that sound very similar can have radically different meanings, which makes it difficult for many foreigners to perceive speech.
Paronyms are words with the same root, similar in sound and belonging to the same part of speech, but at the same time having different meanings and used in different lexical constructions.
Paronyms can form:
- couples (2 words);
- rows (from 3 to 7 words).
Words that form paronymic pairs can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech (adverb, adjective or verb). The task of a graduate who wants to pass the exam well in 2019 is to know all the paronyms (a list of pairs and lines from KIMs, their meaning and application features).
Words included in paronymic pairs and series may differ in prefixes and suffixes, or even have a stem of a different nature. Semantically, two groups of paronyms are distinguished:
There is also a separate group of words that differ significantly in functional and stylistic fixation (live - live, work - work).
Dictionary of paronyms
The first thing to do in the process of preparing for the USE in 2019 is to study the dictionary of paronyms. It should be said right away that in the KIMs of the Unified State Examination of 2019, not all paronyms that exist in the Russian language will be found, but only a short list of 124 pairs and rows. At the same time, in the complete dictionary compiled by Russian linguists, there are 1100 pairs and rows, each of which contains 2-7 words. If desired, a complete dictionary with detailed descriptions of the meanings and features of use can be found on the Internet (for example, on paronymonline.ru).
We bring to your attention a short dictionary of paronyms, which will be useful to all graduates, because in 2019 the Russian language remains a mandatory subject of the exam.
How to remember paronyms
Many paronymic pairs and their semantic differences are well known to everyone who is a native speaker of the Russian language. But there are also words in the list, the interpretation of which can cause difficulties. You can work out these paronyms by opening the corresponding dictionary with explanations, but in order to save time when preparing for the USE 2019, teachers recommend using quick reference books.
We suggest you download one of these ready-made dictionaries, which will help you quickly remember all 124 pairs necessary to complete task No. 5 from the Unified State Exam tickets.
Dictionary of paronyms from FIPI
Subscription- the right to use something (or a document granting this right) for a certain period: a subscription to the pool.
Subscriber– a person or institution holding a subscription: a telephone network subscriber.
Destination- the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient).
Addresser- the person or organization sending the postal item (sender).
Artistic- pertaining to the artist; intended for the artist; peculiar to the artist, the artist, characteristic of him.
Artistic- Distinguished by artistry, artistic taste.
Poor- Possessing a very meager income, poor or indigent; deficient in something, meager; unfortunate, arousing compassion, pity.
Disastrous- full of disasters, deprivations.
Meek- not receiving, not giving an answer, a response to something; unable to object, contradict, very meek.
Irresponsible- not bearing or unaware of responsibility.
Marshy- abounding in swamps, swampy; swampy like a swamp.
Bolotny- related to the swamp, characteristic of it; intended for work in the swamp, movement in the swamp, etc.; living, growing in a swamp.
Grateful- feeling or experiencing gratitude.
thanksgiving- containing, containing gratitude, gratitude: a letter of thanks, a telegram.
Charitable- with the aim of providing material assistance to those in need.
Beneficial- useful, having a good effect.
Experienced- Seen and experienced a lot.
Former- currently not in any position.
former- past, past.
Reckless- done without thought or reasoning.
Beloved- beloved, dear.
boundless- huge, boundless, boundless.
inhale- each individual intake of air into the lungs, each individual inhalation: a deep breath.
Sigh- Strengthened inhalation and exhalation: a sigh escaped.
century- living, existing for centuries, for a very long time, unchanged, constant: centuries-old oaks, centuries-old forest; age-old traditions, customs;
Eternal- infinite in time, having neither beginning nor end, not ceasing to exist, indefinite, without term. - eternal human values,
eternal problems.
Great- surpassing any level, outstanding. Great composer, great musician.
Majestic- full of grandeur, solemn beauty, having large dimensions. A majestic building, a majestic monument.
Replenish- reimburse.
Supplement- to add new data to what others have said, to make it more complete by adding to something.
Top up- increase by adding something new to something existing
Hostile- full of hostility, hatred.
Hostile- pertaining to the enemy, the enemy, the enemy.
Benefit benefit, advantage.
profitability- availability of benefits; positivity that leaves a good impression.
extradition- issued money, goods.
recoil- the same as the coefficient of efficiency, benefit.
Broadcast- something that is given to someone; transfer process.
Distribution- to give something to many.
Pay- giving money to compensate for something.
Payment- a fee paid for something money. Payment is a monetary reward, compensation for something.
Payment– reimbursement: payment of tax
pay out- to pay a fee, to pay in full.
Pay- to give in return for something, to repay.
Pay- to pay for something. To repay - to do, to do something in response to someone's act.
pay- the same as paying
Grow- caring, to ensure the growth, development of someone or something, to nurture.
build up- to promote the growth of something, to lengthen; grow in any quantity; accumulate.
Grow- to give the opportunity to achieve in the growth of any size, size.
Tall- large in length or far located in the direction from bottom to top; exceeding the average level, average norm, significant; distinguished by value, honorable, important; sublime in content, very significant, solemn, not ordinary; very good in quality, excellent; about sounds: thin, sonorous, caused by vibrations of high frequency.
high-altitude– extending above a known limit; caused by high altitude; produced or used at high altitude (air); about architectural structures: very high, multi-storey.
Warranty- adjective to the noun guarantee. Containing a guarantee, serving as a guarantee.
Guaranteed- participle from the verb guarantee. Secured.
Harmonic- related to tarmonia; based on the principles of harmony.
Harmonious- containing elements of harmony; having consistency, coherence, mutual correspondence of different qualities of objects, phenomena, parts of the whole
Clay- made of clay. Clay pot.
Clayey- containing clay. Clay soil.
one year old- at the age of one year; lain, lasted a year.
Annual- related to the whole year; resulting by the end of the year, as a result for the year; calculated for a year. Annual - for a period of one year, one-year.
Pride- self-esteem, self-esteem, a sense of satisfaction from success; an overly high opinion of oneself.
Pride- excessive pride.
Humanism- the progressive movement of the Renaissance; attitude towards people, imbued with love for a person and concern for his welfare.
Humanity- a property based on the meaning of the adjective humane.
Humanistic- an adjective to the nouns humanism and humanist.
Humanitarian- addressed to the human person, to the rights and interests of a person; relating to the social sciences that study man and his culture.
Humane- humane, philanthropic, imbued with love for a person, respect for the individual.
Binary– based on counting by twos (pairs): binary system.
Double- twice as large: double portion; double care; consisting of two pieces, parts: double lining; double bottom.
Dual- leaning in one direction and the other; contradictory: ambivalent attitude, opinion, feeling, behavior.
twofold- having two kinds, two forms, two meanings.
double– something made double.
doubled- enlarged, doubled.
Effective- capable of influencing, active: effective help.
Valid- real, authentic; valid: ticket, real life.
current- performing actions, being in action.
Businesslike- sensible, serious, enterprising: a businesslike worker; businesslike look; businesslike walk.
Business- related to official activities, work: business conversation, meeting.
efficient- capable of serious work: efficient worker,; serious, noteworthy: a practical project.
Delyachesky- which is based on narrow practicality, losing sight of the social side of the matter.
Democratic- containing elements of democracy, democracy, simple, relating to the people.
Democratic- based on the principles of democracy, realizing democracy, reflecting it, belonging to it. (Used in terminological phrases)
Dictation- written work, consisting in writing down the dictated text.
Diktat- a requirement, an instruction dictated by one strong side and imposed for unconditional fulfillment by another, weak side.
Diploma student- a person awarded a diploma for successful performance at a competition, festival, etc.; student preparing graduation thesis.
Diplomat– An official engaged in diplomatic activities, work in the field of foreign relations; about a person acting subtly, skillfully.
Diplomatic- related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post).
Diplomatic- subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).
Long- having a large length, length; longer than necessary; about the person: tall.; slowly stretching.
Long- long-term.
solid- benign, durable: good-quality goods, suit, house;
Kind- doing good, bringing good, close, noble: a kind person, character.
Confidential- showing confidence in someone, something: a confidential tone, voice, gesture, look.
Confiding- easily trusting; based on trust: gullible child, beast, disposition.
Rain associated with rain, caused by rain, bringing rain; designed to protect from rain.
Rainy- plentiful rain. Rainy season, year.
Dramatic- pertaining to drama about the singer's voice: strong, somewhat sharp in timbre, in contrast to the lyrical one.
Dramatic- containing elements of drama, tension, expressing strong, deep feelings, feelings; designed for effect, pompous.
Friendly- related to a friend, belonging to him, characterizing the relationship of friends.
Friendly- mutually benevolent, based on friendliness, expressing disposition (mainly about states, peoples and relations between them).
friendly- bound by friendship, mutual agreement, occurring simultaneously, in concert.
Unit- only one, the only one; separate, segregated, individual.
The only one- only one, such, besides which there is no other; exceptional. One - common, identical, one for all, possessing internal unity.
Desired- very expected, constituting the object of desire; dear, dear.
Desirable- necessary for something, corresponding to someone's desires, interests, expectations.
Hard- hard, rough (about the subject): hard tissue; strict, unconditional: rigidity of measures, character, games; hardness in the voice.
Cruel- pitiless, pitiless prone to cruelty.
Vital- relating to life: living conditions, contradictions; life experience, process, path; close to life, to reality: life image, story; important for life, socially necessary: vital question.
worldly- ordinary, characteristic of everyday life: everyday chores, everyday life, little things.
Housing- adjective for the noun dwelling.
Residential- intended for housing.
to block- put up a fence, a fence, obscure, close.
fence- surround with a fence.
fence- protect, preserve.
fence off- to separate, putting a fence, a partition.
block off- divided by a partition, something blocking.
Underestimate- to make it lower than normal, necessary, to make it lower than necessary.
Downgrade- make it lower move to a lower, less responsible position.
reduce- make low, lower, lower height.
Pay- 1) pay a fee for something, 2) repay (answer). Usage examples: pay for purchases, for work, for services, for a ticket, for travel; to pay with good for good (note: after the word pay, a noun or pronoun is used in V. p. with the preposition for).
pay out- pay for something. Usage examples: pay a salary, pay interest on a debt, pay off a mortgage loan.
repay- to do something in response to someone's act, to take revenge. Usage examples: repay with ingratitude, repay evil for good, repay hospitality, repay with care and care.
Pay- pay for something. Usage examples: pay expenses, pay bills, pay for services.
Fill- take it entirely enter the required information into something.
Fill- to make full, busy, saturated with something.
overflow- overfill.
initiator- the one who conceives something, lays the foundation for something.
instigator- the one who incites to start, starts something unseemly.
Animal- adjective to the noun beast; inherent in the beast, peculiar to the beast; cruel, ferocious; overly strong.
Brutal- peculiar to the beast, bestial; cruel, ferocious, wild; very strong, extreme.
Sound- perceived by the ear, consisting of sounds.
Sonorous- making loud, clear sounds.
Visual- pertaining to vision intended for spectators; one that looks at something.
spectator- pertaining to the viewer, peculiar to him.
Inventive- resourceful, quick to invent, able to invent.
inventive pertaining to invention, to an inventor.
Informative- carrying information, saturated with information.
Informational- pertaining to information.
Information- informing; reporting on the state of affairs, events; information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person or special devices.
Awareness- awareness, the degree of knowledge of information.
Ironic- related to irony as a stylistic device.
ironic- containing elements of irony, used for the purpose of ridicule.
Artful- skillful, well-versed in his work; skillfully, well done.
Artificial- not natural, unnatural, made like a real, natural, unnatural.
Executive- having as its task the execution of decisions, decrees, practically exercising control over something; diligent, accurate and well performing duties, assignments.
Performing- relating to the performer, to the performance of any artistic (musical, literary, dramatic) work.
original- initial, starting.
Outgoing- sent from the institution.
Rocky- rich in stone: soil.
Stone- made of stone.
Comfortable- providing comfort, peace of mind,
Comfortable- meeting all the requirements of comfort.
equestrian- associated with horses; operating with horses.
Horse- belonging to a horse, related to him, horse.
Stocky- body type (short, strong, muscular).
Root- original, primordial, permanent, main; concerning the very foundations, the roots of something, decisive, the most important; main, central, core.
Root- pertaining to the root of a plant; which is a root, consisting of a root, roots.
Bone- adjective to the noun bone; mined from bones.
Bone- made of bone, obtained from the bones of animals.
Colorful- bright, juicy. Coloring - participle from the verb to paint; containing paint, used for coloring.
Painted- treated with paint.
Varnished- varnished; polished, outwardly shiny, smooth.
Lacquer- adjective to the noun varnish; lacquered (made of leather, wood, papier-mâché or lacquered metal).
Ice- consisting of ice, ice; situated on the ice; occurring in the ice.
Ice- adjective to the noun ice; consisting of ice, covered with ice; very cold (cold as ice); extremely restrained, contemptuously cold, destroying.
Wooded- heavily wooded.
Forest- adjective to the noun forest; located in the forest, living, growing in the forest; covered with forests; relating to forestry.
personal- pertaining to personality.
Private- belonging to a certain person; belonging to the individual; affecting the interests of any person.
Microscopic- produced using a microscope; distinguishable, visible only under a microscope.
microscopic- very small in size, size, volume.
Frozen- frozen.
Freezer- intended for freezing.
Frosty- related to frost as a natural phenomenon.
put on- cover the body with clothes (i.e. put on oneself): put on a coat, hat; with the pretext "on" put on yourself and on someone: put a backpack on your back,
covered furniture.
Dress up- to cover someone with clothes: to dress a child.
Availability– presence, existence: to be present.
Availability- the amount of something at a given time; money available.
Reminder- words to remind.
Mention- words relating to someone, not spoken on purpose, but in passing.
Ignorant- a rude, ill-mannered person.
ignoramus- uneducated, ignorant person.
Intolerable- one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold).
Intolerant- one that cannot be tolerated: an intolerable situation, behavior; devoid of tolerance, not considering other people's opinions: an intolerant person; intolerant of others' success.
Impatient- not having the patience to wait for someone or something
Unsuccessful- accompanied by, ending in failure; unsatisfactory, not what it should be.
Unfortunate- haunted by misfortune.
accused- the one who is found guilty.
accusatory- containing an accusation, expressing condemnation.
snippet- a torn off, torn piece, separate, incoherent, disparate parts of something.
excerpt- a part isolated from a work, from a narrative.
embrace- concluding between outstretched hands, fingers, paws, etc., tightly press someone to yourself: the mother hugged the child; the wrestler grabbed the opponent.
Reach- surround, compress; enclose within one's own limits, embrace, envelop: (covered) the neck.
Restrict- put in some kind of framework, boundaries, define some conditions.
delimit- separate, separate.
demarcate- to divide, denoting the boundaries; define exactly by separating one from the other.
Hail- an exclamation with which they call out, i.e. shouting, stop or call.
Response- response to a call, appeal; reflection, trace, vestige of something.
Organic- organism; characterized by life processes, alive; formed as a result of the decomposition of animal and plant organisms.
Organic- due to the very essence of something, organically inherent in someone or something.
Qualifying- an employee for the selection of someone, something: qualifying match, tournament; selection committee.
selective- selected, the best in quality: selected goods, flax, coal; obscene: selective abuse, abuse.
Deviation- rejection, rejection of something, abnormality, strangeness in behavior.
Evasion- moving to the side to avoid something; deviation from the direct direction.
Distinguish- establish a distinction, a boundary between something; stand out from others.
Distinguish- to recognize, to distinguish between something.
difference- a sign that creates a difference between something.
Difference difference, dissimilarity between something.
Retentive- having a good memory: a memoryful person, a student.
Memorable- preserved in memory, unforgettable: memorable date, meeting, trip; commemorative year; serving to remember; reminders, memory book, commemorative badge.
endure- to endure a lot; endure, overcome.
endure- to endure a lot (hardships); be reworked and changed.
Purchasing- pertaining to the opportunity to buy.
Purchasing- pertaining to the buyer, belonging to him.
Popular- understandable, accessible, uncomplicated in presentation; widely known, public sympathy.
populist- appealing to the broad masses and promising them a quick and easy solution to acute social problems.
venerable- inspiring respect, deserving of it; big, significant.
Respectful- Respectful to someone, showing respect.
Practical– relating to the field of practice; necessary for practice; instilling skill, skills; relating to real needs.
Practical- experienced, well versed in life affairs; convenient, suitable for business, profitable, economical.
Provide- give at the disposal, use, provide an apartment, loan, credit, freedom, word, opportunity; to give the right, the opportunity to do: to give a case to be resolved, to dispute, to determine the price.
Imagine- deliver, present, report: submit a report, project; introduce: introduce a guest, lecturer; to nominate, to propose: to present for an award, for an order, for a title, for a prize; See also: cause, create: this presents no difficulty.
Representative- making a favorable impression (representative appearance), authoritative; respectful, important, imposing.
Executive- elective (representative body) related to representation, representative (representative expenses).
Recognized- is generally accepted.
Grateful- experiencing, expressing gratitude.
Productive- bringing positive results, creating any values in the process of labor, productive, fruitful.
Grocery- intended for food products, associated with the trade or storage of products.
Productive- bringing obvious results, creating some value, productive.
Industrial- related to production; engaged in production, involved in production.
Performance- an indicator of production efficiency that characterizes the output per unit of resources used, factors of production; quotient of dividing the volume of production by the value of the cost of resources for a given volume of production.
enlightening- an employee for education, spreading education.
educational- related to enlightenment, enlightener, characteristic of them.
journalistic- pertaining to journalism, to a publicist.
journalistic- touching on topical socio-political issues.
shy- fearful, frightened; expressing fear.
scared- one who is often frightened or who is very frightened.
Irritation- a state of excitement, agitation, a feeling of acute discontent, annoyance, a cell reaction to external influences.
Irritability- a property of the individual.
rhythmic- pertaining to rhythm, subordinate to it.
Rhythmic something that repeats at regular intervals.
Romantic- relating to romanticism as a direction in literature and art and as an artistic method; characteristic of romance; full of romance; emotionally elevated, attracting with its mystery.
Romantic- containing elements of romanticism, mystery, dreaminess.
Secretive- not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank.
Hidden- secret, not revealed explicitly.
Vocabulary- consisting of words; related to vocabulary.
Verbal- oral.
Resistance- counteraction to the onslaught, attack, impact.
Resistance- the ability to resist, the degree of resistance.
Neighboring- located near, next to someone, in the neighborhood.
Neighboring- pertaining to a neighbor, belonging to him.
Comparable- one that can be compared.
Comparative- establishing similarities or differences, comparative; based on comparison.
Stage- pertaining to the scene; associated with the theater, theatrical art, theatrical activities.
scenic- suitable for the stage, for theatrical performance, having the properties necessary for the stage.
Technical- related to technology, associated with it, with its scientific development; used in industry; relating to the maintenance of equipment of any production; acting only at the direction of the head, not responsible.
technical- possessing skill, high technology; performed with great skill, skill (in sports, art).
Lucky- happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer).
Successful- successful (good day).
Humiliated- the one who was humiliated; expressing humiliation, showing humiliation.
Humiliating- offensive to someone's dignity, pride.
Actual- valid, corresponding to the facts; real.
Factual- corresponding to reality, facts, requirements of accuracy.
Predatory- characteristic of a predator, predatory .; mismanaged, unplanned, pursuing the goals of immediate profit, enrichment.
Predatory– about animals: eating animals; greedy, full of desire to take possession of someone, to capture something, and also expressing such a desire; like a predator.
Royal- related to the king, luxurious, rich belonging to him; pertaining to the political regime of a monarchy headed by a king.
Regal- distinguished by majesty, significance in scope.
Reigning- performing the duties of the king; the same as reigning (high) preeminent, superior to all in some respect.
Whole- all without exception, full: a whole piece, a glass; significant, large: a whole pile of papers; a range of questions; unharmed: all things are intact.
Whole- from one substance, piece, solid: one-piece slab; solid granite.
Holistic- possessing internal unity: theory.
Economic- relating to the economy, economic.
Economical- giving the opportunity to save something, profitable.
Economical- thrifty spending something, respecting the savings; requiring moderate expenses, promoting economy, modest in expenses.
Aesthetic- related to aesthetics (the science of beauty in art and in life, about the general laws of artistic creativity); associated with the creation and perception of beauty.
aesthetic- beautiful, graceful; containing elements of aesthetics.
Ethical- related to ethics (science, the object of study of which is morality); conforming to the requirements of morality.
Ethical– admissible from the point of view of the requirements of ethics (norms of behavior).
Effective- giving effect, effective.
Spectacular- producing an effect, impressive. an effective method, an effective solution, spectacular costumes.
Efficiency- efficiency, effectiveness.
Effectiveness- catchiness, the ability to impress.
The next step should be the solution of ready-made tasks. For this, both KIMs of past years and trial tasks of the USE in 2019 are suitable.
